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[[Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png|thumb|150px|left|Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962]]
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png|thumb|150px|left|Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962]]
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[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|thumb|left|150px|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|thumb|left|150px|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
[[File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|150px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique].]]
'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>:850. </sup> <sup>[[#Primary sources, quotations|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations jump1"></span>   
'''Nguyễn Ngọc Bích''' (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,<ref name=Buttinger.1967b /><sup>:850. </sup> <sup>[[#Primary sources, quotations|N.psq1]]</sup><span id="Primary sources, quotations jump1"></span>   
a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam North Vietnam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam South Vietnam].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />
a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam North Vietnam] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam South Vietnam].<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich />


The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<sup>[[#bich-injury|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="bich-injury-jump"></span> and exiled) during the [[Indochinese revolution|First Indochina War]].
The [[commons:File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street]] in the city of [[Cần Thơ]], [[Vietnam]], was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"<ref name=Cooper.1970 /><sup>:122</sup> that left a mark on his forehead,<sup>[[#bich-injury|N.bi]]</sup><span id="bich-injury-jump"></span> and exiled) during the [[Indochinese revolution|First Indochina War]].


Upon graduating from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.
Upon graduating from the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique École polytechnique] (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]] (civil engineering) in France in 1935,<!--{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=NNC.2018 /> Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the [[Viet-Minh]], and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.


<!--
Suspecting<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|N.bs]]<span id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span></sup>
<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 24.4.7.</span>
of being betrayed by the Communist faction<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|N.bs]]</sup><span id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span> of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,<!--{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}}--><ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien /><sup>: 299</sup> and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.<sup>[[#Minh Tan|N.mbl]]</sup><span id="Minh Tan jump"></span> In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,<!--{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}}--><ref name=Langguth.2000 /><sup>:84</sup> who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",<!--{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=Honey.1962 /><ref name=NNC.2018 />, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".<ref name=Honey.1962 /> <sup>[[#Political influence|N.pi]]<span id="Political influence jump"></span>, [[#China Quarterly|N.tcq]]</sup><span id="China Quarterly jump"></span>
-->
Suspecting<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|Note]]<span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span></sup>
of being betrayed by the Communist faction<sup>[[#NNBich-betrayed|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed jump"></span> of the [[Viet-Minh]] and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his [[École polytechnique]] classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,<!--{{sfn|Tran-Thi-Lien|2002|p=299}}--><ref name=Tran-Thi-Lien /><sup>: 299</sup> and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.<sup>[[#Minh Tan|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Minh Tan jump"></span> In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as the sixth [[Leaders_of_South_Vietnam#Prime_Ministers|prime minister]] of the [[State of Vietnam]] under the former Emperor [[Bao Dai]] as Head of State,<!--{{efn|See Section [[#Intellectual and politician|Intellectual and politician]] and Langguth (2000).{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}}}}--><ref name=Langguth.2000 /><sup>:84</sup> who selected [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",<!--{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}--><ref name=Honey.1962 /><ref name=NNC.2018 />, he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]]".<ref name=Honey.1962 /> <sup>[[#Political influence|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly|Note 2]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Political influence jump"></span> <span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly jump"></span>


A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document
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Important historical events that affected [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a
Important historical events that affected [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a
"Francophile anticolonialist"<sup>[[#Francophile anticolonialists|Note 1]]<span class="anchor" id="Francophile anticolonialists jump"></span>, [[#Primary sources, quotations|Note 2]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations jump2"></span> and to join the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese ''coup de force'' in 1945, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s call for a general uprising from [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the 1945 [[August Revolution]], the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.).  The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s activities.
"Francophile anticolonialist"<sup>[[#Francophile anticolonialists|N.fa]]<span id="Francophile anticolonialists jump"></span>, [[#Primary sources, quotations|N.psq2]]</sup><span id="Primary sources, quotations jump2"></span> and to join the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese ''coup de force'' in 1945, [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s call for a general uprising from [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the 1945 [[August Revolution]], the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.).  The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s activities.
Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing.
Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing.
For example, the history and the general use of [[napalm]] bombs, which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized.
For example, the history and the general use of [[napalm]] bombs, which [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized.
Regarding the French using American-made [[napalm]] bombs in the [[First Indochina War]],  
Regarding the French using American-made [[napalm]] bombs in the [[First Indochina War]],  
well-known battles<sup>[[#Napalm battles|Note]]</sup><span class="anchor" id="Napalm battles jump"></span> are also not summarized.
well-known battles<sup>[[#Napalm battles|N.nb]]</sup><span id="Napalm battles jump"></span> are also not summarized.
 
<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_alignment -->
<blockquote>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Bao Dai to de Gaulle
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Dai Bao Dai], message to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de_Gaulle de Gaulle] on 1945 Aug 20
|}
</blockquote>
 
☛ Updated [[User:Loc Vu-Quoc|Loc Vu-Quoc]] ([[User talk:Loc Vu-Quoc|talk]]) 14:07, 15 May 2024 (CDT) - Started before [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:30, 5 July 2023 (UTC)


== First Indochina War ==
== First Indochina War ==
The broader historic events of [[World War II]] and the [[First Indochina War]]—specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Nguyen Ngoc Bich]] fought the French colonists until he was captured.  
The broader historic events of [[World War II]] and the [[First Indochina War]]---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Nguyen Ngoc Bich]] fought the French colonists until he was captured.  
The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized.
The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized.
French General [[de Gaulle]], by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought.
French General [[de Gaulle]], by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought.
Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the [[Viet Minh]], called for the general uprising{{em dash}}against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers{{em dash}}to which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] responded.  US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history.  US President [[Harry Truman]] was a reason that the [[First Indochina War]] is now called the “French-American” War in Vietnamese literature,{{sfn|Lady Borton|2020}} and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 paper.  The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President [[Eisenhower]], and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under [[Truman]].{{efn|Video time 0:11 to 0:32:{{sfn|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.  That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam {{bracket|or rather the "French-American" war{{sfn|Lady Borton|2020}}}}. Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." }}
Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the [[Viet Minh]], called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] responded.  US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history.  US President [[Harry Truman]] was a reason that the [[First Indochina War]] is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/> and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] mentioned in his 1962 paper.  The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President [[Eisenhower]], and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under [[Truman]].<!--<sup>[[#French-war cost|Note]]</sup>--><sup>[[#French-war cost|N.fwc]]</sup><span id="French-war cost jump"></span>
{{efn|To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."{{sfn|DeConde|Burns|Logevall|2002|p=597}} }}
{{efn|The "the United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding
78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.{{sfn|Lawrence|Logevall|2007|p=46}} }}
<!--REF: [https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ US Involvement in Indochina]]-->


=== Charles de Gaulle ===
=== Charles de Gaulle ===
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-->
-->
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1942]]
[[File:De Gaulle-OWI (cropped).jpg|thumb|120px|left|[[Charles de Gaulle]] in 1942]]
At the beginning of [[World War II]], in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as ''L'Appel du 18 Juin'' in French history, the mostly then unknown{{efn|The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=24}}}} General [[de Gaulle]] counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,{{sfn|Logevall|p=28}} to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States.  
At the beginning of [[World War II]], in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as ''L'Appel du 18 Juin'' in French history, the mostly then unknown<sup>[[#de Gaulle|N.cdg1]]</sup><span id="de Gaulle jump1"></span> General [[de Gaulle]] counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:28</sup> to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States.  
Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, [[de Gaulle]] harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=25}}
Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, [[de Gaulle]] harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:25</sup>


[[File:1945 Aug 12 de Gaulle Truman White House.jpg|thumb|250px|right|US President [[Harry Truman|Truman]] and French General [[de Gaulle]], White House, 1945 Aug 12.]]
[[File:1945 Aug 12 de Gaulle Truman White House.jpg|thumb|250px|right|US President [[Harry Truman|Truman]] and French General [[de Gaulle]], White House, 1945 Aug 12.]]
"Within two weeks" of the death of US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured [[Harry Truman]] on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo {{bracket|French control}} in Indochina",{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=116}} and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=452}} By the time General [[de Gaulle]]{{efn|By Aug 1946, [[de Gaulle]] had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.{{sfn|de Gaulle web}} }} came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) <!--, after US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] had died on 1945 Apr 12,--> to campaign for US military aid from then US President [[Harry Truman]], the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans {{bracket|see inset photo, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Aug_12_de_Gaulle_Truman_White_House.jpg de Gaulle visited Truman]}}, British, and Chinese."{{sfn|Marr|1984|p=413}}
"Within two weeks" of the death of US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured [[Harry Truman]] on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo (French control) in Indochina",<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:116</sup> and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:452</sup> By the time General [[de Gaulle]]<sup>[[#de Gaulle|N.cdg2]]</sup><span id="de Gaulle jump2"></span> came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) <!--, after US President [[FDR|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] had died on 1945 Apr 12,--> to campaign for US military aid from then US President [[Harry Truman]], the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans (see inset photo, [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1945_Aug_12_de_Gaulle_Truman_White_House.jpg de Gaulle visited Truman]), British, and Chinese."<ref name=Marr.1984/><sup>:413</sup>


[[File:Baodai2.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Emperor [[Bao Dai]]]]
[[File:Baodai2.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Emperor [[Bao Dai]]]]
De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought on the [[Viet Minh]] side against the French colonialists.   
De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] fought on the [[Viet Minh]] side against the French colonialists.   
On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,{{efn|Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}}} Vietnam Emperor [[Bao Dai]] sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:{{efn|In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}} }}
On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,<sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span><!--{{efn|Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,{{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}} and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}} of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}}}--> Vietnam Emperor [[Bao Dai]] sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:<sup>[[#Bao Dai quote|N.bdq]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai quote jump"></span><!--{{efn|In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}} }}-->


<!--{{cquote|''Hello.''}} can also use this style to have large double quotes, but no frame.-->
<!--
{{cquote|''Hello.''}} can also use this style to have large double quotes, but no frame.
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Bao Dai]] |source=message to [[de Gaulle]] on 1945 Aug 20{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}</span>}}
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Bao Dai]] |source=message to [[de Gaulle]] on 1945 Aug 20{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}</span>}}
-->
<!--See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographic_alignment -->
<blockquote>
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
|-
! width="100%" | Bao Dai to de Gaulle
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|-
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Dai Bao Dai], message to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de_Gaulle de Gaulle] on 1945 Aug 20<ref name=Tonnesson.2010/><sup>:xiii–xiv</sup>
|}
</blockquote>


[[File:1945 May Patti in Kunmiing.png|150px|thumb|right|[[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] in [[Kunming]], 1945 May.]]
[[File:1945 May Patti in Kunmiing.png|150px|thumb|right|[[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] in [[Kunming]], 1945 May.]]
Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), [[Ho Chi Minh]] put the resistance in much stronger terms to US [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Major [[Archimedes Patti]], who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:{{efn|From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}} }}
Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), [[Ho Chi Minh]] put the resistance in much stronger terms to US [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Major [[Archimedes Patti]], who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:<sup>[[#HCM quote1|N.hcm1]]</sup><span id="HCM quote1 jump"></span><!--{{efn|From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}} }}-->


<!--
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.  {{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] to [[Archimedes Patti]]  |source=''Why Viet Nam?'' 1980, p.4.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}</span>}}
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.  {{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] to [[Archimedes Patti]]  |source=''Why Viet Nam?'' 1980, p.4.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}</span>}}
The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert [[Paul Mus]], who first met [[Ho Chi Minh]] in 1945, recounted that [[Ho Chi Minh]] said{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}} then:{{efn |name=Paul Mus interview|In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the {{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said {{bracket|in 1945}}, 'I have no army.' That's not true now {{bracket|in 1968}}.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."}}
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] |source=according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}</span>}}
[[Paul Mus]] added "For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."{{efn|name=Paul Mus interview}}
=== Ho Chi Minh ===
[[File:Ho Chi Minh Declaration of Independence 1945 Sep 2.pdf|150px|thumb|left|[[Ho Chi Minh]] declaring Vietnam independence 1945 Sep 2.]]
<!--
[[File:Ho Chi Minh 1946 and signature.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Ho Chi Minh in 1946, with dedication to his god-daughter and signature]]
-->
-->
[[File:Ho Chi Minh, Giap, farewell to OSS team 1945.png|200px|thumb|right|[[Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] giving a farewell party to the US Army intelligence DEER team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945.]]
<blockquote>  
For thirty years, from 1912 when [[Ho Chi Minh]] first visited Boston and New York City until about 1948-1949, Ho held out his hope that the US would provide military support for his anticolonialist resistance against the French.{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=xxii}}
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
Since that visit to the US in his early twenties, [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]]{{emdash}}like [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]], a Francophile anticolonialist,{{efn|name=Fran-anticolon}}{{efn|name=quotations-VQL}} who was both a communist and a nationalist{{efn|"For many decades there would be a heated debate among diplomats, politicians and political scientists in every corner of the world as to whether [[Ho Chi Minh]] was a communist or a nationalist. The answer is that he was both."{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=120}} }} {{emdash}}developed a "lifelong admiration for Americans".{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=55}}{{efn|As cited in Logevall (2012),{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=721}} Note 22, p. 721.}}
|-
 
! width="100%" | Ho Chi Minh to Archimedes Patti
Seizing on the opportunity of the Japanese entering Tonkin in 1940 September{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=452}} to begin occupy Indochina (with French agreement){{sfn|Patti|1980|p=452}} to rid Vietnam of French colonial yoke,{{efn|Ho was convinced that with the Japanese occupation of Indochina and "with international events moving fast and Decoux's government isolated from metropolitan France, the potential for revolution in Vietnam was much enhanced."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=34}} }} [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] (who was in [[Liuzhou]], China) returned to the China-Vietnam border and began a "training program for cadres".{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=452}}  Then on 1941 February 8,{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=524}} Ho crossed the border to enter Vietnam for the first time after 30 years away (from 1911 to 1941), and sheltered in cave Cốc Bó{{sfn|Brocheux|2007|p=73}} near the [[:vi:Pác_Bó|Pác Bó]] hamlet, in the Cao Bằng province, less than a mile from the Chinese border.{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=34}}{{efn|Devillers (1952) received incorrect information that Ho was in "Tsin Tsi" (Jingxi, Guangxi, China) as he wrote:{{sfn|Devillers|1952|p=97}} "En mai 1941, il réussit à convoquer à Tsin Tsi dans le Kwang Si, à 100 km environ au Nord de Cao Bang, un 'Congrès' (In May 1941, he succeeded in calling for a plenum at Jingxi in the Guangxi province, about 100 km north of the Cao Bang province)." }}  There [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] convened a plenum in 1941 May, and founded the [[Viet Minh]], an anticolonialist organization that [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] joined in 1945.
|-
 
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
On 1941 Oct 25, the [[Viet Minh]] published its first manifesto: "Unification of all social strata, of all revolutionary organizations, of all ethnic minorities. Alliance with all other oppressed peoples of Indochina. Collaboration with all French anti-fascist groups. One goal: the destruction of colonialism and imperialist fascism."{{efn|"Union de toutes les couches sociales, de toutes les organisations révolutionnaires, de toutes les minorités ethniques. Alliance avec tous les autres peuples opprimés de l'Indochine. Collaboration avec tous les élements antifascistes français. Un but: la destruction du colonialisme et de l'impérialisme fascistes."{{sfn|Devillers|1952|p=97}}}}
|-
 
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [[Ho Chi Minh]] to OSS Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]]<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:4</sup>
[[File:Zhang Fakui.jpg|120px|thumb|right|{{lang-de|[[:de:Zhang_Fakui|Gen. Chang Fa-kwei]]}} in 1946.]]
|}
In 1942 August, [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] (named "Nguyen Ai Quoc" at that time) crossed the border into China with the intention of attracting the interest of the Allies in Chungking{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=7}} (now [[Chongqing]]) for the Vietnamese resistance movement,  arrested by the Chinese on 1942 August 28 for being "French spy",{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=525}} but the real reason was [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]]'s political activities, viewed as "Communistic", instead of "nationalistic", by the Chinese ([[Chiang Kai-shek]]) and the Allies at Chungking (now [[Chongqing]]).{{sfn|Devillers|1962|p=103}}{{efn|name=quotations-VQL|See quotations in ''Notes on Vietnam history''.{{sfn|Vu Quoc Loc|2023a}} }} Ho was detained for thirteen months, starting at the Tienpao prison,{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=51}}{{efn|Tienpao in the [[Wade-Giles]] transliteration is Tianbao in [[pinyin]].{{efn|name=analysis-VQL|See the analysis in ''Notes on Vietnam History''.{{sfn|Vu Quoc Loc|2023a}}}} }} moving through eighteen different prisons,{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=77}}{{efn|name=quotations-VQL}} and ending up at Liuchow{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=46}} (now [[Liuzhou]]), from where he was released on 1943 September 10, after changing his name from Nguyen Ai Quoc to [[Ho Chi Minh]].{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=453}}  At that time, the name "Nguyen Ai Quoc" was very popular, while hardly any one heard of the new name "[[Ho Chi Minh]]".{{efn|[[:vi:Hoàng_Quốc_Việt|Hoang Quoc Viet]] recounted in his [https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_F8F9FACD595E4A74BCA28655493A1743 1981 interview with the PBS]: "I was sent to the southern part of the country at one point to discuss things with our comrades there. The discussion was very heated and it was very difficult to iron things out. Then I happened to mention the name Ho Chi Minh. These people in the south asked me who Ho Chi Minh was.
</blockquote>
I told them that he was Nguyen Ai Quoc. They all stood up and clapped and said that as I was a representative sent by Ho Chi Minh then there was no need for any further discussion. This was because at that time there was a feud going on between the so called "Old Viet Minhs" and "New Viet Minhs". But when they heard from me that Ho Chi Minh was indeed Nguyen Ai Quoc, they were all overjoyed, saying that if Nguyen Ai Quoc had returned home to lead the movement then everything would be solved, that there should be unity and solidarity."}}
 
[[Ho Chi Minh]] returned to Vietnam in 1944 September, after obtaining the authorization from the Chinese authority, {{lang-de|[[:de:Zhang_Fakui|Gen. Chang Fa-kwei]]}} ([[:de:Zhang_Fakui|Zhang Fakui]], {{lang-vi|[[:vi:Trương_Phát_Khuê|Trương Phát Khuê]]}}){{emdash}}who was under "severe pressure from the Japanese ''Ichigo'' offensive" to obtain intelligence in Indochina{{emdash}}and after submitting the "Outline of the Plan for the Activities of Entering Vietnam".{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=134}}{{efn|A French report at that time stated: "more than 200 political refugees had passed from China to Tonkin, most of them armed with pistols and daggers (''poiguards''), and that among them was a certain 'Nguyen Hai Quoc', who had crossed the border under the name of 'Ho Chi Minh'. Nguyen Hai Quoc, a man 'around sixty years old', was 'the probable leader' of the Viet Minh: 'Under Nguyen Hai Quoc's leadership, the new elements coming from Kwangsi have undertaken to reawaken the movement and bring back to their former activities the implacables who had taken refuge in the mountains'" {{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|pp=118, 208}} }}
All three protagonists{{emdash}}the French [[Vichy_France|Vichy]] colonialists, the Japanese occupiers, and the [[Viet Minh]]{{emdash}}were deceived by US war plan,{{efn|"... to confuse the Japanese, possibly the French as well, concerning US
intentions. Perhaps Roosevelt meant the plan seriously at first, and then changed
it into a deceptive operation when he realized that it could not be carried out ... Indochina came to play a similar role in Roosevelt's war against Japan as Norway
occupied in Churchill's war against Germany. For a long time, Churchill toyed with
the idea of a Norwegian landing as a way of securing the transport route to Russia
and bringing Sweden into the war. Then, when his generals and admirals adamantly
refused to carry out the project, Norway instead became the focus of elaborate
deception and diversion plans, aiming at inducing Hitler to keep as many troops as
possible in an irrelevant theatre."{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|pp=170, 220}} }} and expected a US invasion of Indochina.{{efn|The US was the only country among the Allies (British and Chinese) that could invade Indochina; see Chap. 4, Colliding Plans, in Tønnesson (1991).{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=156}} }}
Such expectation was the main reason{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=209}} that, in 1945 February-March, during an "unusually cold month of February,"{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=56}}{{efn|"13-2-1945, Tết Nguyên Đán Ất-Dậu. Chưa bao giờ rét như thế này. Tại Hà Nội,  buổi trưa, hàn thử biểu xuống tới 4 độ." It has never been that cold. The temperature went down to four degrees Celcius at noon in Hanoi on 1945 Feb 13, Tết, new year day, Lunar year Ất-Dậu.{{sfn|Đoàn-Thêm|1965|p=3}}}} [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] once again crossed back into China, and walked from the [[:vi:Pác_Bó|Pác Bó]] hamlet to [[Kunming]] to meet{{efn|It takes about two weeks to walk from [[:vi:Pác_Bó|Pác Bó]] to [[Kunming]] using likely the same road (among several others) undertaken by the invading Mongols in the thirteen century.{{sfn|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023b}} }} (and to "make friends with"{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=210}}) American [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] and [[Office of War Information|OWI]] (Office of War Information) officers to exchange intelligence.{{efn|[[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]]'s "mission was probably to obtain information on the development of the war, try to gain Allied recognition for his league and perhaps also secure the [[Viet Minh]] a role in a forthcoming invasion".  At the same time, [[:vi:Hoàng_Quốc_Việt|Hoang Quoc Viet]] carried out a similar mission in Kwangsi (now [[Guangxi]]) with the Chinese {{lang-de|[[:de:Zhang_Fakui|Gen. Chang Fa-kwei]]}}, who told him that "I hope we shall soon meet again in Hanoi".{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=210}}  See also the [https://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_F8F9FACD595E4A74BCA28655493A1743 PBS interview with Hoang Quoc Viet in 1981].}}{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=238}}  [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]]'s report to the [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] mentioned the Japanese ''coup de force'' on the evening of 1945 March 9.{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=238}} 
 
[[File:Maj Gen Claire Chennault 1945.07.23.png|150px|thumb|right|Maj. Gen. [[Claire Chennault]] on 1945 Jul 23, four months after he met [[Ho Chi Minh]] on 1945 Mar 29.]]
In [[Kunming]], [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] requested [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Lt. Charles Fenn{{efn|[[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Lt. Charles Fenn helped "make Ho Chi Minh the undisputed leader of the Viet Minh in 1945".{{sfn|Bartholomew-Feis|2006|p=96}} }} to arrange for a meeting with Gen. [[Claire Chennault]], commander of the Flying Tigers.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=58}}  In the meeting that occurred on 1945 Mar 29, [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] requested a portrait of [[Claire Chennault|Chennault]], who signed across the bottom "Yours sincerely, Claire L. Chennault".{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=58}}  [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] displayed the portrait of [[Claire Chennault|Chennault]], along with those of [[Lenin]] and [[Mao]], in his lodging at [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]] as "tangible evidence to convince skeptical Vietnamese nationalists
that he had American support".{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=58}}  As additional evidence, [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] also possessed six brand-new US Colt .45 pistols in original wrappings that he requested and got from Charles Fenn.{{sfn|Fenn|1973|p=79}}{{sfn|Bartholomew-Feis|2006|p=158}} This "seemingly insignificant quantity" of arms,{{efn|That Ho gave the new pistols to his rivals, but not to his own people, testified to his political acumen in rallying his rivals to accept him as the top leader.{{sfn|Vu Quoc Loc|2023a}}}} together with "Chennault's autographed photograph" as evidence, convinced other factions of the primacy of the [[Viet Minh]].  [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]]'s American-backing ruse worked.{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=58}}
 
In [[Cochin China]] (the south),{{efn|[[Jean-Louis Taberd]] was likely among the first to explain the meaning of "[[Cochin China]]" in his 1837 scientific article; see quotation in ''Notes on Vietnam History''.{{sfn|Vu Quoc Loc|2023a}} }} where [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] lived and worked, [https://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/1464-trn-vn-giau-h-nam-hoang-trn-vn-19112010.html Tran Van Giau] ({{lang-vi|[[:vi:Trần_Văn_Giàu|Trần Văn Giàu]]}}), a [[Viet Minh]] leader and "[[Ho Chi Minh]]'s trusted friend",{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=186}} on 1945 Aug 22 used [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]]'s ruse of "American backing for the [[Viet Minh]]", to convince other pro-Japanese nationalist groups (Phuc Quoc, Dai Viet, United National Front{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=524}}) and religious sects ([[Cao Dai]], [[Hoa Hao]]) that they would be outlawed by the invading Allies, and thus should accept the leadership of the [[Viet Minh]], which had strong support of "the Allies with arms, equipment and training".{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=186}}
 
[[File:Ho Chi Minh, Bao Dai, Siphanouvong 1945.png|200px|thumb|left|[[Souphanouvong]], [[Ho Chi Minh]], [[Bao Dai]], 1945 Sep 4]]
Fearing a US invasion with the French colonialists helping, the Japanese initiated operation Bright Moon (''Meigo sakusen''), leading to a ''coup de force'' on 1945 March 9 to neutralize the French forces and to remove the French colonial administration in Indochina (and thus the status of [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]]'s job in the French colonial government).
The resulting power vacuum following this ''coup de force'' changed the political situation, and provided a favorable setting for the [[Viet Minh]] takeover of the government.  In 1945 April, [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] walked a perilous journey from [[:vi:Pác_Bó|Pác Bó]] to [[:vi:Chiến_khu_Tân_Trào|Tân Trào]], the [[Viet Minh]] headquarters in the Liberated Area. There, on 1945 August 16, [[Ho Chi Minh|Ho]] called for a general uprising to throw out the Japanese occupiers that ultimately led to the [[August Revolution]].
 
Even though being a son of a [[Cao Dai]] pope,{{sfn|Tram-Huong|2003}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2008}} [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] joined the [[Viet Minh]] in 1945,{{efn|See the quotation from a French doctoral thesis in  ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} instead of the [[Cao Dai]] force.
 
CBS reporter [[David Schoenbrun]] interviewed [[Ho Chi Minh]] on 1946 Sep 11, the same day that a telegram was dispatched from the High Commissioner d'Argenlieu to the French Indochina Committee on the arrest of [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] on 1946 Aug 25.:{{efn|See ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}. }}
{{Quote frame
|quote=<p><span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} President Ho, how can you possibly fight a war against the modern French army?  You have nothing.  You've just told me, what a poor country you are. You don't even have a bank, let alone an army, and guns, and modern weapons, the French planes, tanks, napalm.  How can you fight the French?</span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-size:110%">
{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}}And he [Ho] said: Oh we have a lot of things that can match the French weapons.  Tanks are no good in swamps. And we have swamps in which the French tanks will sink.  And we have another secret weapon, it's nationalism. And don't think that a small ragged band cannot fight against a modern army.  It will be a war between an elephant and a tiger.  If the tiger ever stands still the elephant will crush him and pierce him with his mighty tusks. But the tiger of Indochina is not going to stand still. We're going to hide in our jungles by day and steal out by night.  And the tiger will jump on the back of the elephant and tear huge chunks out of his flesh and then jump back into the jungle.  And after a while the mighty elephant will bleed to death.{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span></p> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">CBS reporter [[David Schoenbrun]] |source=Youtube video [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWY9KbIXpdI&t=190s French involvement in Vietnam & Dien Bien Phu - 1962, time 3:10].{{sfn|Giniger|1984}}</span>}}
 
NOTE: Connect the mention of "napalm" to Bich's 1962 paper.
<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 2024.04.28.</span>
 
=== Franklin D. Roosevelt ===
[[File:FDR 1944 Portrait.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], circa 1944]]
<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE Updated 2024.05.11 - Started before 2023.12.30.</span>
# [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|FDR]]
#* "By fuelling French and Japanese expectations of a US invasion, Roosevelt, Wedemeyer and the [[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] prompted a Franco-Japanese confrontation, which in turn paved the way for revolution,"{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=220}} and also for Bich to join the Viet Minh to fight the French.
#* "Although Roosevelt dismissed the Indochinese as 'a people of small stature', one of his great war aims was to liberate them from French colonialism."{{sfn|Tønnesson|1991|p=1}}
#* "the accepted wisdom may be summarized in two points: First, Franklin D. Roosevelt abandoned or watered down his Indochina policy before he died. Second, the Truman administration built upon Roosevelt’s policy revision by endorsing the French return to Indochina. Both points will be challenged in the following pages, which argue that Roosevelt, though he was under pressure to abandon his policy, did not yield before he died." Tonnesson{{sfn|Lawrence|Logevall|2007|p=60}}
#* "To substantiate these claims it is necessary to look at the role Roosevelt imagined for China in the war against Japan, relate the March 9 coup to his policy, and examine how trusteeship was abandoned after his death." Tonesson{{sfn|Lawrence|Logevall|2007|p=60}}
#* "The postwar peace would depend on stable relations between a limited number of powers. Thus FDR developed the concept of the “four policemen,” an idea that he discussed with Stalin at Teheran in 1943. The United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China were to police the world together. ... Roosevelt's China and Indochina policies were closely connected. When he failed to build up China as a great power, his Indochina policy suffered." Tonesson{{sfn|Lawrence|Logevall|2007|p=60}}
#* believed that "France had cease to exist," despite having the strongest army in Europe,{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=27}}
#* thought European countries (France and Germany) could not live together peacefully: Both FDR and his Secretary of State Cordell Hull "believed that Franco-German disputes lay at the root of much of Europe's inability to maintain the peace".{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=44}}
#* blamed European empires for wars: "European colonialism had helped bring on both the First World War and the current one, he was convinced, and the continued existence of empires would in all likelihood result in future conflagrations."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=46}} "What is more, like Wilson, he [FDR] emerged from World War I convinced that the scramble for empire not only had set the European powers against one another and created the conditions that led to war, but also worked against securing a negotiated settlement during the fighting."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=47}}
#* was a staunch anticolonialist: "That de Gaulle shared Vichy's desire to preserve the French Empire only enhanced Roosevelt's disdain.  By the time of Pearl Harbor, he had become a committed anticolonialist."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=46}}
#* disliked de Gaulle's pomposity and egotism: "Roosevelt had not yet met de Gaulle, but he knew enough to dislike him. Basic personality differences played a role. In social interaction, de Gaulle was as austere and pompous as FDR was relaxed and jovial. For months, Roosevelt had heard Hull and other advisers rail against the general's egotism and haughty style, his serene confidence that he represented the destiny of the French people. Roosevelt, with his preference for the complicated, the ambiguous, and the devious, would get irritated just listening to these aides."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=44}}  Cordell Hull was convinced that "de Gaulle was a fascist and an enemy of the United States."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=45}}
#* could change the course of history had he not died: "it's not fanciful to believe that had he lived beyond 1945, FDR would have tried to keep France from forcibly reclaiming control of Indochina, and might well have succeeded, thereby changing the flow of history."{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=710}}  Then Bich would not join the Viet Minh and would not have to fight the French colonialists.


==== FDR's policy ====
The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert [[Paul Mus]], who first met [[Ho Chi Minh]] in 1945, recounted that [[Ho Chi Minh]] said<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/><!--{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}--> then:<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp1]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump1"></span><!--{{efn |name=Paul Mus interview|In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the {{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said {{bracket|in 1945}}, 'I have no army.' That's not true now {{bracket|in 1968}}.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."}}-->
American policy changed from firmly anti-colonialism in the late 1930s under US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ([[FDR]]) to supporting the French colonialism under US President [[Harry Truman]] in the 1950s.


Well before [[World War II]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had evolved into a committed anti-colonialist, who wanted "complete independence for all or almost all European colonies",{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=74}} as evidenced by his speech in March 1941:{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=72}}
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} There has never been, there isn't now, and there never will be, any race of people on earth fit to serve as masters over their fellow men.… We believe that any nationality, no matter how small, has the inherent right to its own nationhood.{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] |source=address to White House Correspondents' Association, March 1941</span>}}
<!--"Even before the start of World War II, FDR had reached the conclusion that, for good or ill, complete independence was foreordained for all or almost all the European colonies." Logevall 2012 p.74-->
[[File:Atlantic Charter FDR-Churchill.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Roosevelt and Churchill, The Atlantic Charter conference, 1941]]
[[FDR|Roosevelt]]'s anti-colonialist speech was subsequently encoded in the third point of [[The Atlantic Charter]],{{efn|See the [https://www.fdrlibrary.org/atlantic-charter complete Atlantic Charter] from the [[FDR]] Presidential Library and Museum.}} which Churchill was reluctant to agree to:{{sfn|FRUS-Atlantic|1941}}
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} Third, they{{efn|"They" here means [[FDR]] and [[Churchill]] and their respective governments.{{sfn|FRUS-Atlantic|1941}}}} respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live; and they wish to see sovereign rights and self-government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them;{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] |source=[[The Atlantic Charter]], August 14, 1941.{{sfn|FRUS-Atlantic|1941}}</span>}}
<gallery caption="The US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Ho Chi Minh, 1945" mode=packed heights="180">
File:1945 Aug 16 Deer Team train Vietminh.png|[[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]] Deer team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> members training Viet Minh fighters to use US-made weapons in 1945.
File:1945 OSS train Vietminh grenade launcher.png|OSS Deer team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> training the Viet Minh to use a grenade launcher.
File:1945_Aug_Alison_Thomas_Vietminh_to_Hanoi.png|OSS Maj. Allison Thomas and Viet Minh fighters marching to Hanoi, August 1945.
</gallery>
<gallery caption="The US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Ho Chi Minh, 1945" mode=packed heights="180">
File:Patti Giap US flag 1945 Aug 26.png|[[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] saluted American flag, with a [[Viet Minh]] band playing the ''Star Spangled Banner'', 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:1945 Aug Archimedes Patti, Vo Nguyen Giap.png|[[Vo Nguyen Giap]] gave a welcoming parade to US Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]], head of the US Army intelligence DEER team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:1945 Vietnam Independence or Death.png|Vietnam Independence or Death demonstration, August 1945.
</gallery>
<gallery caption="The US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and Ho Chi Minh, 1945" mode=packed heights="180">
File:1945 Aug Archimedes Patti, Vo Nguyen Giap.png|[[Vo Nguyen Giap]] gave a welcoming parade to US Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]], head of the US Army intelligence DEER team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:Président Ho-chi-Minh lit la Proclamation-d'indépendance sur la place Ba-dinh le 2nd Sep 1945.jpg|[[Ho Chi Minh]] declared [[Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam|Vietnam independence, 1945 Sep 2]].
File:Ho Chi Minh, Giap, farewell to OSS team 1945.png|[[Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] giving a farewell party to the US Army intelligence DEER team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945.
</gallery>
<!--[[File:Ho Chi Minh, Giap, farewell to OSS team 1945.png|250px|thumb|right|[[Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] giving a farewell party to the US Army intelligence team ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945.]]-->
=== Harry S. Truman ===
[[File:Harry S. Truman.jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Harry S. Truman]], circa 1945]]
==== Truman's policy ====
<span style="background-color:yellow">
NOTE: 24.5.1, </span>
to add that Virginia Thompson was the first British historian with a deep knowledge on French Indochina with her 1937 book [https://archive.org/details/FrenchIndoChina/page/n1/mode/2up French Indo-China] (Internet Archive), George Allen & Unwin LTD, London. Also cite the reviews of this book. [https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/43/4/876/70968 French Indo-China. By Virginia Thompson. (New York: Macmillan Company. 1937. Pp. 516. $5.00.), reviewed by H.I. Priestley, The American Historical Review, Volume 43, Issue 4, July 1938, Pages 876–877, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/43.4.876
]  ENDNOTE.
[[Ellen Hammer|Ellen J. Hammer]] was the first American-born historian with a deep knowledge of the French colonial rule in Indochina in the early 1950s during the [[First Indochina War]].  Dr. Hammer's{{sfn|Pace|2001}}{{efn|Ellen Hammer received her PhD from Columbia University, where she specialized in international relations, with a dissertation on public law and government.{{sfn|Pace|2001}} A summary of an obituary for Ellen J. Hammer is in the document <!--[[c:File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_(1911-1966)_A_biography.pdf|Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A biography]]-->''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} highly influential book titled ''The Struggle for Indochina''{{sfn|Hammer|1954}}{{efn|[[Ellen Hammer]]'s 1954 book ''The Struggle for Indochina''{{sfn|Hammer|1954}} was "A superb study of the French effort to hold on to Indochina".{{sfn|Gettleman|1967}}}}{{em dash}}published in 1954 well before the United States sent American troops to Vietnam in the 1960s{{em dash}}described the events, politics, and historic personalities leading to the [[First Indochina War]].  Her works were considered among the must-read books by respected historians on Vietnam history, as Osborne (1967){{sfn|Osborne|1967}} wrote: "Indeed, any serious student of Viet-Nam will have either read Devillers{{efn|See [[w:French_Cochinchina#cite_note-41|French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]]: Philippe Devillers, ''Histoire du Viêt-Nam de 1940 à 1952'', Seuil, 1952, and [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29].}}, [[Jean Lacouture|Lacouture]], [[Bernard B. Fall|Fall]], [[Ellen Hammer|Hamme]]r and Lancaster{{sfn|Lancaster|1961}}{{efn|Donald Lancaster's 1961 book ''The Emancipation of French Indochina''{{sfn|Lancaster|1961}} was "The best single book on the history of all Indochina to about 1955".{{sfn|Gettleman|1967}}}}'s studies already, or will be better served by reading them first hand."  To give a historical context within which [[Draft:Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Nguyen Ngoc Bich]] fought the French colonists, there is no better English source to begin than Dr. Hammer's Vietnam-history book.
The American dilemma (1-To help the French to re-establish its colony in Vietnam or 2-To help free the Vietnamese from the yoke of French colonialism) was described by Hammer as follows:
{{blockquote|text=
The United States has entangled itself in a war in a distant corner of Asia in which it resolutely does not want to participate and from which it equally resolutely cannot abstain. It has committed itself to the cause of France [ [[French Indochina]] ] and of [[Bao Dai]], but enough of the old spirit of anticolonialism is left to make this a somewhat unsavory commitment: it cannot bring itself wholly to ignore the fact that the free world looks less than free to a people whose country is being fought over by a foreign army. Aware that a lasting peace can be built only on satisfaction of the national aspirations of the Indochinese, the United States must at the same time conciliate a France reluctant to abandon her colonial past.
|multiline=yes
|author=Ellen Hammer (1954)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/struggleforindoc0000hamm_h0h0/page/n6/mode/2up ''The struggle for Indochina''], [https://archive.org/details/struggleforindoc0000hamm_h0h0/page/n15/mode/2up?q=march+6+free+state Preface p. xii].{{sfn|Hammer|1954|p=xii}}
}}
Under US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the US policy was to remove the French colonists from Indochina,{{sfn|Fall|1966|p=57}}<!--<sup>, p.57 </sup>-->{{efn|name=NNC-VQL-more-details}} as the French official [[Jean Sainteny]] lamented that he was "face to face with a deliberate Allied maneuver to evict the French from Indochina and that at the present time the Allied attitude is more harmful than that of the [[Viet-Minh]]".{{sfn|Fall|1966|p=68–69}}<!--<sup>, pp. 68–69 </sup>-->{{efn|name=NNC-VQL-more-details|See more detailed quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}}
<!--Bernard. B. Fall (1966), The Two Viet-Nams: A political and military analysis, Praeger, New York. p.57-->
{{blockquote
|text=General Wedemeyer's orders not to aid the French came directly from the War Department. Apparently it was American policy then that French Indochina would not be returned to the French. The American government was interested in seeing the French forcibly ejected from Indochina so the problem of postwar separation from their colony would be easier. . . . While American transports in China avoided Indochina, the British flew aerial supply missions for the French all the way from Calcutta, dropping tommy guns, grenades and mortars.<!--{{sfn|Fall|1966}}<sup>[https://archive.org/details/twovietnams0000unse/page/56/mode/2up  p. 57]</sup>--><!--{{efn|Fall (1966){{sfn|Fall|1966}}, [https://archive.org/details/twovietnams0000unse/page/56/mode/2up  p. 57].}}-->
|author=Bernard B. Fall (1966), [https://archive.org/details/twovietnams0000unse/page/n7/mode/2up ''The Two Viet-Nams: A political and military analysis''], p.57.{{sfn|Fall|1966|p=57}}
}}
After [[FDR]] died on 1945 Apr 12 (cite Langguth, Chronology).
<span style="background-color:yellow">I AM HERE 2023.04.29.</span>
[[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 01:48, 29 April 2023 (UTC)
<gallery caption="French napalm bombs in First Indochina War" mode=packed widths="260" heights="250">
File:French_plane_dropped_napalm_bomb_on_Vietminh_force.png|[https://www.militaryfactory.com/aircraft/french-indochina-war-aircraft.php French plane] pulling up after a dive to drop [[napalm]] bombs on [[Vietminh]] force ambushing a French battalion. The white streak below the plane, clearly visible against the dark background of trees further behind, was the [[napalm]] bomb that was just dropped. 1953 December.
File:French indochina napalm 1953-12 1.png|French [[napalm]] bomb exploded over [[Vietminh]] force. 1953 December. This image during the (French) [[First Indochina War]], conjuring up the destruction of the [[napalm]] on the human flesh,{{sfn|Tong|2018}}{{efn|A photo of the scars on the back and arm of Phan Thị Kim Phúc, the "napalm girl", is given in Stockton (2022).{{sfn|Stockton|2022}}}} portended what was to come more than ten years later during the (American) [[Second Indochina War]].
</gallery>
<!--[[File:1stIndochinaWar001.jpg|150px|thumb|French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950]]-->
<gallery caption="Déjà Vu: 'Americans had different dreams from the French, but followed the same footsteps.' Bernard B. Fall{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=702}}" mode=packed widths="260" heights="250">
File:1stIndochinaWar001.jpg|French Marines wading ashore off the coast of Annam (Central Vietnam) in July 1950, using US-supplied ships, weapons, equipment.
File:Marines Da Nang Vietnam 1965.04.30.png|US Marines wading ashore in Da Nang, Central Vietnam, on 1965 Apr 30, exactly 10 years before the fall of Saigon on 1975 Apr 30.
</gallery>
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 15:17, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
* Bao Dai's plea to de Gaulle not to return to Vietnam as master.  Reference.
* Americans humiliated French prisoners held captive by the then disarmed Japanese. References.
* US general sang with the Vietminh. During the ceremony, the French were seated behind unknown Vietminh fighters; as a result, no French accepted the invitation.  References.
* Harry Truman, cold war, anti-communist ideology. The US paid 80% of the war cost by 1954. References
* French American-made plane ([[Grumman F8F Bearcat]]) dropping American-made napalm bombs.
* The horror of the destruction of napalm bombs, references. Bich's 1962 paper.
* In the Vietnamese literature, the [[First Indochina War]] is referred to as the "French-American War", and the [[Second Indochina War]] the "American War". References.
=== War began ===
* The First Indochina War started on 1945 September 23 with the brutal repression of the Vietnamese by some 1,400 French soldiers, who had been imprisoned by the Japanese, then freed and re-armed by British General Gracey, and who went on a rampage, beating, lynching any Vietnamese they saw on the street.{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=115}} ["Thus began, it could be argued, the Vietnamese war of liberation against France. It would take several more months before the struggle would extend to the entire south, and more than a year before it also engulfed Hanoi and the north, which is why historians typically date the start of the war as late 1946 [Sep 29]. But this date, September 23, 1945, may be as plausible a start date as any."]
The situation in [[Tonkin]] ([[North Vietnam]]) in March 1946 was as follows:
{{blockquote|text=
There were some 185,000 Chinese soldiers north of the sixteenth parallel and some 30,000 Japanese, many of them still in possession of their arms. All the French troops in the north were disarmed and held prisoner in the Hanoi Citadel, where the Japanese had left them; there were also some 25,000 Frenchmen living in Hanoi. Only 15,000 French troops were in Saigon and they had to travel several days to get to Haiphong before they could go to Hanoi.
|multiline=yes
|author=Ellen Hammer (1954)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/struggleforindoc0000hamm_h0h0/page/151/mode/2up ''The struggle for Indochina''], [https://archive.org/details/struggleforindoc0000hamm_h0h0/page/n15/mode/2up?q=march+6+free+state p. 151].{{sfn|Hammer|1954}}
}}
Yet, the French hawkish colonists in [[Cochinchina]] ([[South Vietnam]]){{em dash}}led by the "warmonger"{{efn|name=warmongers}} triumvirate "High Commissioner Admiral Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (the "Bloody Monk"),{{efn|"As dubbed by the left-wing press in Paris".{{sfn|Logevall|2012|p=163}}}} Supreme Commander General Jean-Etienne Valluy, and Federal Commissioner of Political Affairs Léon Pignon"{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010}}{{efn|name=warmongers|"The main warmongers, who must bear the brunt of the responsibility, not only for the seizure of Haiphong in November, but also for the outbreak in Hanoi, were a French triumvirate in Saigon..."{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|loc=pp. 5–6}}<!--<sup>, pp. 5–6</sup>-->}}{{em dash}}took a "gigantic gamble in dispatching an invasion force to the port city of Haiphong",{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010}} fell into the "Chinese trap",{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010}} in which the Chinese with a superior army forced both the French and the Vietnamese to sign the March 6 Agreement,{{efn|"Arriving at Haiphong in the morning of March 6, the French fleet sailed right into a Chinese trap. The French thought they had secured Chinese support for disembarking troops in the north in a treaty signed in Chongqing on February 28, but Chiang Kai-shek's government fooled them. When the French ships approached Haiphong harbor, the Chinese stood ready to resist the French onslaught and actually fired at the ships.  Meanwhile, the Chinese were pressuring both the Vietnamese government and a French team of negotiators in Hanoi to sign a deal on behalf of their two nations.  Neither the French nor the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam|DRV]] could afford an open confrontation with China."{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|p=5}}<!--<sup>, p.5</sup>-->}} which "was simply an armistice that provided a transient illusion of agreement where actually no agreement existed".{{sfn|Hammer|1954|p=157}}<!--<sup>, p.157</sup>-->
Indeed, after a short period following a "modus vivendi", the [[First Indochina War]] started on 1946 December 19.{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010}}{{efn|There are several different interpretations by respected historians (such as Fall, Hammer, Devillers, and Tønnesson) on how the [[First Indochina War]] started on 1946 December 19.{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|p=262, Note 10}} }}<!--<sup>, p.5 and Note 10 on p.262</sup>-->
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 15:17, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
* Brutal repression by British and French forces in Cochinchina (South Vietnam)
* Quotations from Tønnesson (2010){{sfn|Tønnesson|2010}} and Donaldson (1996){{sfn|Donaldson|1996}}
=== Resistance ===
[[File:Cai Rang bridge today.png|thumb|right|250px|Cai Rang bridge, Can Tho, 2024.  Nguyen Ngoc Bich sabotaged this bridge during the First Indochina War.]]
After graduating in 1935 from the [[École des ponts ParisTech|École nationale des ponts et chaussées]], a civil engineering school, Nguyen Ngoc Bich returned home to work as a civil engineer for the colonial government at the [[Soc Trang|Soc-Trang]] Irrigation Department until the Japanese coup d'état in Viet Nam (1945 Sep 03). Bich then joined the Resistance in the Soc-Trang base area and was appointed Deputy Commander of the [[9th_Military_Region_(Vietnam_People's_Army)|Military Zone 9]] ({{plain link|url=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_khu_9,_Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99i_nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam|name=vi}}), established on 1945 Dec 10, and included the provinces of Cần Thơ, Sóc Trăng, Rạch Giá, together with six other provinces.  Bich sabotaged many bridges that were notoriously difficult to destroy such as <!--[https://www.google.com/maps/place/C%E1%BA%A7u+C%C3%A1i+R%C4%83ng,+Ninh+Ki%E1%BB%81u,+C%E1%BA%A7n+Th%C6%A1,+Vietnam/@10.0075615,105.7499666,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x31a089ba70b1c3b5:0xbddcccf9f6fadd75!8m2!3d10.0075615!4d105.7499666!16s%2Fg%2F1jkxqlp4t Cai-Rang Bridge]--> {{plain link|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/C%E1%BA%A7u+C%C3%A1i+R%C4%83ng,+Ninh+Ki%E1%BB%81u,+C%E1%BA%A7n+Th%C6%A1,+Vietnam/@10.0075615,105.7499666,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x31a089ba70b1c3b5:0xbddcccf9f6fadd75!8m2!3d10.0075615!4d105.7499666!16s%2Fg%2F1jkxqlp4t|name=Cai-Rang bridge}} in [[Can Tho]]{{em dash}}where a street was named to honor his feats{{sfn|CTDN|2019}}{{efn|A street in Can Tho is named Nguyen Ngoc Bich to commemorate him blowing up the {{plain link|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/C%E1%BA%A7u+C%C3%A1i+R%C4%83ng,+Ninh+Ki%E1%BB%81u,+C%E1%BA%A7n+Th%C6%A1,+Vietnam/@10.0075615,105.7499666,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x31a089ba70b1c3b5:0xbddcccf9f6fadd75!8m2!3d10.0075615!4d105.7499666!16s%2Fg%2F1jkxqlp4t|name=Cai-Rang bridge}} in this city to stop the French troops advance in 1945–46.{{sfn|CTDN|2019}} The short biography in Vietnamese, together with an English translation, in this street-naming plan is provided in the document ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}}{{em dash}}{{plain link|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/C%E1%BA%A7u+Nhu+Gia,+M%E1%BB%B9+Xuy%C3%AAn,+S%C3%B3c+Tr%C4%83ng,+Vietnam/@9.5026064,105.8508548,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x31a1ab6d2c09bbf7:0x4c0acc20832a1059!8m2!3d9.5026064!4d105.8530435!16s%2Fg%2F1v41xyrv|name=Nhu-Gia Bridge}} in [[Soc Trang]], etc., blocking the advance of French forces directed by General Valluy and General Nyo, who were under the general command of General [[Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque|Philippe Leclerc]], commander of the [[French Far East Expeditionary Corps]] (''Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient'', CEFEO).
Between 1946 March 6 and 1946 December 19, in Cochinchina, the military situation did not favor the Vietnamese:
{{blockquote|text=
Outside Saigon the various nationalist resistance groups, weakened though they were by the months of warfare with the British and French, still controlled large sections of the Cochin Chinese countryside. Ho Chi Minh proposed to General Leclerc the sending of mixed Franco-Vietnamese commissions to establish peace in Cochin China after the signing of the March 6 accord, but the General saw no reason for this in what was supposed to be French territory. When Ho sent his own emissaries to the south, they were arrested by the French who continued to regard Cochin China as a French colony, claiming a free hand there until the referendum could be held. This led to difficult local problems, as in the case of the Vietnamese emissary sent by one Vietnamese zone commander [Nguyen Ngoc Bich] to discuss a cease-fire with the local French commanding officer. The emissary was unceremoniously informed that the French expected complete capitulation—the surrender of arms and prisoners—and that this was an ultimatum. They had until the 31st of March to comply; if they failed to do so, the fighting would begin again. Before the Vietnamese left French headquarters, the French officer took his name and it was soon public knowledge that the French had put a price on his head as well as on that of his commander, Nguyen Ngoc Bich. In this particular region of Cochin China fighting resumed by the end of the month.
|multiline=yes
|author=Ellen Hammer (1954)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/struggleforindoc0000hamm_h0h0/page/n5/mode/2up ''The struggle for Indochina''], [https://archive.org/details/struggleforindoc0000hamm_h0h0/page/157/mode/2up?q=march+6+free+state pp. 157–158].{{sfn|Hammer|1954}}
}}
[[File:HD-SN-99-02042.JPEG|150px|thumb|left|A [[Viet_Minh|Viet-Minh]] suspect captured by a French-Foreign-Legion patrol in 1954.]]
Chester L. Cooper was an American diplomat and a key negotiator in many critical agreements in the 1950s and '60s, beginning with his involvement in the Geneva Conference on Indochina in 1954.{{sfn|Fox|2005}}
In his 2005 memoir ''In the Shadows of History: 50 Years Behind the Scenes of Cold War Diplomacy'', "he recounted his association with a constellation of historic figures that included [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], [[Nikita S. Khrushchev]] and [[Ho Chi Minh]]".{{sfn|Fox|2005}}{{efn|A summary of an obituary for Chester L. Cooper is in the document <!--[[c:File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_(1911-1966)_A_biography.pdf|Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A biography]]-->''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}}
Dr. Cooper{{efn|Chester L. Cooper undertook his doctoral study in urban land economics, and after an interruption due to WWII, received his PhD in 1960.{{sfn|Colman|2012}}}}{{em dash}}who acquired a deep knowledge of Vietnam history from his years in Asia, from 1941 to 1954, first working for the [[Office of Strategic Services]]{{efn|name=OSS-HCM|For the relationship between the OSS and Ho Chi Minh during WWII, see [[OSS Deer Team]].}} in China, then for the [[CIA]] in 1947, and subsequently became head of the Far East staff of the [[National_Intelligence_Council|Office of National Estimates]] in 1950{{sfn|Colman|2012}}{{em dash}}devoted some three to four pages to describe Dr. Bich in his Vietnam-history book [https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/mode/2up ''The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam''], in particular some aspects of Bich's resistance activities:
{{blockquote|text=
As commander of the Viet Minh forces in the Delta during the late 40s, Bich became one of the most popular local heroes. During 1946 the Viet Minh hierarchy became concerned that Bich might pose a threat to the aims of the Viet Minh in the southern part of Vietnam, and by the end of that year Ho apparently decided that Bich had served his purpose in the Delta. He was "invited" to move North to become a member of the Viet Minh political and military headquarters in Hanoi. Bich was reluctant to leave his command, not only because of his desire to continue the fight against the French, but also because he felt uneasy about leaving his base of power. Nonetheless, he made his way north via the nationalist underground to Hanoi.
A day or two before Bich was to report to the Viet Minh headquarters, the French discovered his hiding place near Hanoi. Since he was on the French "most wanted" list, he was subjected to an intensive and unpleasant interrogation.{{efn|name=Bich-injury|A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" (Section [[#Resistance|Resistance]]) can be found in the document ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}}
|multiline=yes
|author=Chester L. Cooper (1970)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam''], [https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/122/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich p. 122].{{sfn|Cooper|1970}}
}}
[[File:Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom,_October_1954_(030630-N-0000X-001).jpg|150px|thumb|right|Vietnamese refugees boarding the US Navy ship LST 516 during Operation Passage to Freedom, October 1954.  The cloth banner hung above the ship number 516 reads: "Your Passage to Freedom" with a Vietnamese translation below.]]
[[Joseph Buttinger|Joseph A. Buttinger]] was an ardent advocate for refugees of persecution, and a "renowned authority on Vietnam and the American war" in that country.{{sfn|Lambert|1992}}
In 1940, he helped founded the [[International Rescue Committee]], "a nonprofit organization aiding refugees of political, religious and racial persecution", and while "working with refugees in Vietnam in the 1950s, he became immersed in the history, culture, and politics of that nation".{{sfn|Lambert|1992}} His scholarship was in high demand during the Vietnam War.
The New York Times described his
his two-volume Vietnam-history book, ''Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled'',{{sfn|Buttinger|1967a}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1967b}}<!--{{sfn|Buttinger|1967b|p=850|ps=, Vol. 2.}}<ref name=NNBich-hero></ref>-->{{efn|name=fn2-Buttinger-review|Osborne (1967), a Vietnam scholar, provided a critical review{{sfn|Osborne|1967}} of [[Joseph Buttinger]]'s two-volume book.{{sfn|Buttinger|1967a}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1967b}}  A recent [https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/7760244 summary] of [[Joseph Buttinger]]'s book was provided by Stefania Dzhanamova on 2021 Aug 11 on Goodreads.}} as "a monumental work" that "marks a strategic breakthrough in the serious study of Vietnamese politics in America" and as "the most thorough, informative and, over all, the most impressive book on Vietnam yet published in America".{{sfn|Lambert|1992}}
[[Joseph Buttinger]] wrote in [https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up ''Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled'', Vol. 2]<!--{{efn|name=fn-NNB-hero}}-->
<!--on [https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/850/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich p. 850],-->
that Dr. Bich was "the resistance hero" whom "Diem had no success" to convince to join his cabinet:
<!--
<!--
"Diem left Paris for Saigon on June 24, accompanied by his brother Luyen, by Tran Chanh Thanh, and by Nguyen Van Thoai, a relative of the Ngo family and the only prominent exile willing to join Diem's Cabinet. With others, such as the resistance hero Nguyen Ngoc Bich, Diem had no success. He tried unsuccessfully to win Nguyen Manh Ha, a Catholic who had been Ho Chi Minh's first Minister of Economics but who had parted with the Vietminh in December, 1946. These men, and others too, rejected Diem's concept of government, which clearly aimed at a one-man rule. Nor did they share Diem's illusions about the chances of preventing a Geneva settlement favorable to the Vietminh. Diem apparently believed that the National Army, no longer fighting under the French but for an independent government, would quickly become effective and reduce the gains made by the Vietminh. "
{{Quote frame |quote=<span style="font-size:110%">{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❝}}}} I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].{{resize|120%|{{font color|blue|❞}}}}</span> |author=<span style="font-size:103%">[[Ho Chi Minh]] |source=according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary{{sfn|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}</span>}}
-->
-->
<!--
<blockquote>
{{blockquote|text=
{| cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
{{lang|fr|Ceci n'est pas une pipe.}}
|-
This is Not a Pipe.
! width="100%" | Ho Chi Minh to Paul Mus
|multiline=yes
|-
|author=[[René Magritte]]
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: justify;" | <span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❝</span>I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].<span style="font-size:150%; color:blue">❞</span>
|title=[[The Treachery of Images]]
|-
}}
| style="padding: 0 1.5em; text-align: right;" | --- [[Ho Chi Minh]], according to [[Paul Mus]], the ''New York Times'' 1969 obituary<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/>
-->
|}
{{blockquote|text=
</blockquote>
Diem left Paris for Saigon on June 24, accompanied by his brother Luyen, by Tran Chanh Thanh, and by Nguyen Van Thoai, a relative of the Ngo family and the only prominent exile willing to join Diem's Cabinet. With others, such as the resistance hero Nguyen Ngoc Bich, Diem had no success. He tried unsuccessfully to win Nguyen Manh Ha, a Catholic who had been Ho Chi Minh's first Minister of Economics but who had parted with the Vietminh in December, 1946. These men, and others too, rejected Diem's concept of government, which clearly aimed at a one-man rule. Nor did they share Diem's illusions about the chances of preventing a Geneva settlement favorable to the Vietminh. Diem apparently believed that the National Army, no longer fighting under the French but for an independent government, would quickly become effective and reduce the gains made by the Vietminh.
|multiline=yes
|author=[[Joseph Buttinger]] (1967)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up ''Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled'', Vol.2], [https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/850/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich p. 850].<!--{{sfn|Buttinger|1967b|p=850|ps=, Vol. 2.}}{{efn|name=fn-NNB-hero}}-->{{efn|name=fn2-Buttinger-review}}
}}


That Nguyen Ngoc Bich was being hunted by the French colonists was described in [[Joseph Buttinger]]'s book:
[[Paul Mus]] added "For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp2]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump2"></span><!--{{efn|name=Paul Mus interview}}-->
{{blockquote|text=
[Note] 9. Miss Hammer cites the case of an emissary sent by Nguyen Ngoc Bich. The French took down his name when he came to their headquarters to negotiate a cease-fire, and "it was soon public knowledge that the French had put a price on his head as well as on that of his commander, Nguyen Ngoc Bich" (ibid., p. 158).
|multiline=yes
|author=[[Joseph Buttinger]] (1967)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb01butt/page/n5/mode/2up ''Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled'', Vol.1], [https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb01butt/page/640/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich p. 641].{{efn|name=fn-NNB-hero-2|See [[Joseph Buttinger]]'s book, Vol. 1,{{sfn|Buttinger|1967a}} p. 641.}}<!--{{sfn|Buttinger|1967a|p=641|ps=, Vol. 1.}}-->{{efn|name=fn2-Buttinger-review}}
}}
 
=== National Assembly ===
While fighting the French colonists in Zone 9, Nguyen Ngoc Bich became a member for Rach-Gia in the first [[National_Assembly_of_Vietnam|National Assembly]] (1946–1960) of the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]], and important goverment organ established after the declaration of Vietnam independence.
 
☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 15:20, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
* importance of the NA.
* Marr (2013){{sfn|Marr|2013}}, National Assembly Standing Committee, p.65, pdf p.88, "Two days following adjournment of the National Assembly, the Standing Committee met and elected as chairman [[:vi:Nguyễn_Văn_Tố]], a respected historian and minister of social relief in the 28 August 1945 provisional government. A five-person Standing Bureau (Ban Thường Vụ) was selected, also chaired by Tố. Some time later the names of four southern Vidt Minh activists were added to  the parent Standing Committee, although it is unlikely any of them attended meetings in Hanoi before October.<sup>25</sup> Nguyën Văn Tó attended the extraordinary 6 March expanded meeting of the cabinet, at which Hò Chí Minh presented the text of his preliminary accord with Jean Sainteny and received endorsement (see chapter 4)" 
* Note 24, p.592, pdf p.615: "Nguyễn Tố Uyên, 257. Pham Văn Đòng (ICP) and Cung Đình Qùy (Nationalist Party) were designated vice-chairs of the bureau, while Hoàng Minh Giám (Viet Minh) and Duong Ðúc Hièn (Democratic Party) became secretaries."
* Note 25, p.592, pdf p.615: "Nguyën Tó Uyên, 257. These individuals were: Tôn Ðúc Thång, Duong Bach Mai, Nguyën Ngoc Bích, and Huynh Tán Phát. None of these persons are on the absentee list of National Assembly members tabled 2 March 1946 (CB 1946, 215), which raises questions about how and when they were elected or appointed as delegates."
* [[Nguyen Van To]], [[:vi:Nguyễn_Văn_Tố]] "Tên ông được đặt cho một trường học ở Khu 9 ([[Nam Bộ]]) trong những năm kháng chiến chống [[:vi:Pháp]] (1946 - 1954)."
* Marr 2013, Vietnam 1945-1946,{{sfn|Marr|2013}} Good ref on National Assembly, p.68, pdf p.91, "During the summer of 1946, [[:vi:Nguyễn_Văn_Tố]] still had the ear of newspaper editors. ... In September he protested French capture in the south of Nguyễn Ngọc Bích, a member of the National Assembly Standing Committee.<sup>35</sup>"  Note 35, p.592, pdf p.615: "Doc Lap [Independence] (Hanoi newspaper) 240 (8 Sep 1946)"
 
=== Prison and exile ===
In 1946, a French army patrol arrested him in An Phu Dong near Saigon in a house where he was waiting for a guide to escort him to Da Lat for the Viet Nam-France Preliminary Conference (April and May 1946){{efn|As recorded in the two books ''Đêm trắng của Đức Giáo Tông (Sleepless Night of the Cao Dai Pope)''{{sfn|Tram-Huong|2003}} and ''Dũng khí Nguyễn Ngọc Nhựt (The Heroic Nguyen Ngoc Nhut)''.{{sfn|Nguyen-Hung|2003}} Chester L. Cooper in the book ''The lost Crusade: America in Vietnam'' wrote (pages 122–123) that he was ordered to go North.}} in preparation for the Fontainebleau Conference to take place in France (July to September 1946). He was tortured but still hid his real name and profession, until a French colonel who was inspecting the area where he was captured, hearing that he seemed to be more than just a teacher, revealed to him that he graduated from Polytechnique and was looking for a man named Nguyen Ngoc Bich who graduated from the same school. That colonel took him back to be locked up in Saigon, less dangerous. He was sentenced to death by the Military Court because he graduated from École Polytechnique and was a French army officer. Hoang Xuan Han, minister of education and fine arts in Tran Trong Kim's cabinet (17-04-1945), also a graduate of Polytechnique (he entered in 1930), wrote a letter to the alumni of this engineering school urging them to understand Nguyen Ngoc Bich's patriotism and help him in his difficult times.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}} French military officers in Vietnam graduated from Polytechnique, based on the Franco-Vietnamese agreement of March 9, 1946, to put Nguyen Ngoc Bich's name on a prisoner exchange list and organize his exile in France.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2018}}
 
<!--
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|200px|thumb|left|Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street]]
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street 2023.12.9.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street 2023.12.9]]
mode=packed heights="180"
mode=packed widths="260" heights="250"
-->
<gallery caption="The Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street, Cai-Rang district, Can-Tho city, Vietnam" mode=packed widths="260" heights="250">
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street map.
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street 2023.12.9.jpg|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street sign.
</gallery>


== Notes ==
<div style="font-size:80%; background-color:lightyellow; border:1px outset black; padding:10px;">
The Note link-labels, such as <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup> in superscript, are unique identifiers for the corresponding Notes, with "N" standing for "Note", followed by a period and three or four characters summarizing the Note contents, e.g., "bda" for "Bao Dai abdication," which is the title (in italics) of the Note <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup>.  In front of each Note, the uparrow ↑ preceeding a Note link such as (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) indicates the link to jump back to the text with the link <sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup>.


☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
The target of the link (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) is the HTML ''[[HTML element#Anchor |anchor]]'' with the code <code><nowiki><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span></nowiki></code> having the anchor name being "Bao Dai abdication jump", without an [[Anchor_text]] (or link text, or link label) inside.  The code <code><nowiki>[[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]</nowiki></code> creates the link (see [[Help:Link]]) with label "[[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]" to jump to the anchor with anchor name "Bao Dai abdication jump".
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
</div>
* Description of the street map.
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.


== Second Indochina War ==
<!--<sup>[[#Bao Dai abdication|N.bda]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span>-->
<span id="Bao Dai abdication"></span>
* (↑ [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]]) <i>Bao Dai abdication:</i> Under the pressure of the [[Viet Minh]],<!--{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:186-187</sup> [[Bao Dai]] had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,<!--{sfn|Patti|1980|pp=186-187}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:186-187</sup> and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup> [[Ho Chi Minh]] then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy"  ([[Bao Dai]]'s birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup> of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.<!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=220}}--><ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:220</sup>


=== Intellectual and politician ===
<!--<sup>[[#Bao Dai quote|N.bdq]]</sup><span id="Bao Dai quote jump"></span>-->
<!--
<span id="Bao Dai quote"></span>
2023.03.11 - This embedded fair-use photo worked here:
* (↑ [[#Bao Dai quote jump|N.bda]]) <i>Bao Dai quote:</i> In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book ''Vietnam 1946''.<ref name=Tonnesson.2010/><sup>:xiii-xiv</sup><!--{{sfn|Tønnesson|2010|pp=xiii-xiv}}-->
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1962.png|thumb|right]]
-->
<!--
Chester Cooper quotation here.
-->
In 1962, as an intellectual in exile in Paris, Dr. Bich published an article, among respected historians at the time such as Philippe Devillers, [[Bernard B. Fall]], [[Hoang Van Chi]] etc.,{{sfn|Honey, P.J.|1962}} presenting an incisive analysis of the economics and politics of the two Vietnams, and proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the [[Second Indochina War]]; see Section [[#Peaceful negotiation, an independent viewpoint|Peaceful negotiation, an independent viewpoint]], where a summary of his article is provided.


Chester L. Cooper described Dr. Bich as one among some "genuine nationalists" living in exile in France in the 1950s:{{sfn|Cooper|1970}}
<span id="NNBich-betrayed"></span>
{{blockquote|text=
* (↑ [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|N.bs]]) <i>Betrayal suspicion:</i> On the betrayal suspicion, {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}, p.123, wrote: "Whether the [[Viet Minh]] had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in  {{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9].  See the [[#China Quarterly|Note on ''The China Quarterly'']]<span id="China Quarterly jump2"></span>.
One such patriot was Dr. Nguyen Nhoc Bich. By profession Bich had been an engineer{{em dash}}a graduate of France's prestigious Ecole Polytechnique. He was a consequential and revered figure. His father was one of the founders of a branch of the [[Cao Dai]]{{sfn|Lancaster|1961|p={{plain link|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationoffr0000lanc/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22cao+dai%22&view=theater|name=85}}}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2021}} sect, and his family had long been highly respected in the southern part of Vietnam, particularly in the area of [[Ben Tre]] Province. Bich had joined the Viet Minh because he was convinced there was a chance for non-Communist nationalists to band together with the Communists in a broad coalition to establish a genuinely free and independent Vietnam. Bich, as well as many other educated, non-Communist nationalists, was influenced by the French political tactic of alliances between moderate and Communist groups to achieve short-range objectives. The problem in Vietnam, however, was that the non-Communist nationalists had no significant political base of their own and were either swallowed up or destroyed by the Viet Minh's well-organized, politically aggressive Communist leadership.  
<!--:Back to [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|Note]].-->
|multiline=yes
|author=Chester L. Cooper (1970)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam''], [https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/122/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich p. 122].{{sfn|Cooper|1970}}
}}


In Paris, Dr. Bich was a "most popular oppositionist" to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] and his regime, as described in
<span id="bich-injury"></span>
[[Joseph Buttinger]]'s book:
* (↑ [[#bich-injury-jump|N.bi]]) <i>Bich's injury:</i> A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/>
{{blockquote|text=
<!--:Back to [[#bich-injury-jump|Note]].-->
[Note] 92. [Robert] Scigliano{{sfn|Scigliano|1963}} mentions [Nguyen Bao Toan] and Nguyen Ngoc Bich as "perhaps the two most popular of the Paris oppositionists (op. cit., pp. 23–24, 79–80, and 82)".
|multiline=yes
|author=[[Joseph Buttinger]] (1967)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up ''Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled'', Vol.2], [https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/1112/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich p. 1112].
}}


[[File:Ngo Dinh Diem at Washington - ARC 542189.gif|200px|thumb|right|Eisenhower, Dulles, and Ngo Dinh Diem at Washington National Airport, 1957 May 8]]
<span id="China Quarterly"></span>
The French suggested Dr. Bich as a serious alternative to [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] as prime minister of [[South Vietnam]] under [[Bao Dai]] in 1954, after the [[1954 Geneva Conference]]:
* (↑ [[#China Quarterly jump|N.tcq]]) <i>China Quarterly:</i> The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation."  This China Quarterly issue contained the articles written by several well-known intellectuals on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (See [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey], William Kaye (see e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962]),  Gerard Tongas, among others.  See the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] and the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors].
{{blockquote|text=
<!--:Back to [[#China Quarterly jump|Note 1]], [[#China Quarterly jump2|Note 2]].-->
Diem was not the only candidate for prime minister under Bao Dai, and the French considered him hostile to their business interests, which they expected to survive the change in government. The names the French put forward could be dismissed as collaborators, however, and the one serious alternative to Diem, Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, had his own liabilities. Although not a Communist himself, Bich had fought with the Vietminh, and his father was prominent in the [[Cao Dai]]{{sfn|Lancaster|1961|p={{plain link|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationoffr0000lanc/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22cao+dai%22&view=theater|name=85}}}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2021}}, an eclectic sect that revered Confucius, Buddha, Jesus, Joan of Arc and Victor Hugo. Despite a medical degree, Bich could seem so mystical that Diem looked hard-headed and practical to the Vietnamese colony in Paris and to Foster Dulles, who saw that he would be dependably anti-Communist.
|multiline=yes
|author=[[A.J. Langguth|Langguth, A.J.]] (2000)
|title=[https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla ''Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975''], [https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla/page/84/mode/2up?q=ngoc+bich pp. 84–85].{{sfn|Langguth|2000}}
}}


=== A 1962 peace proposal ===
<span id="de Gaulle"></span>
* (↑ [[#de Gaulle jump1|N.cdg1]], [[#de Gaulle jump2|N.cdg2]]) <i>De Gaulle:</i> The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:24</sup>  By Aug 1946, [[de Gaulle]] had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.<ref name="de Gaulle web"/>


====Famine====
<span id="Francophile anticolonialists"></span>
* (↑ [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|N.fa]]) <i>Francophile anticolonialists:</i> "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise.  Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:9</sup>
<!--: Back to [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|Note]].-->


====Land-reform failure====
<span id="French-war cost"></span>
* (↑ [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]]) <i>French-war cost:</i> PBS ''US Involvement in Vietnam'' Video time 0:11 to 0:32:<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam"/> "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism.  That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020"/>).  Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."<ref name="Deconde.2002"/><sup>:597</sup> The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.<ref name="Lawrence.2007"/><sup>:46</sup>
<!--:Back to [[#French-war cost jump|Note]] [[#French-war cost jump|N.fwc]].-->


====Napalm bombs====
<!--<sup>[[#HCM quote1|N.hcm1]]</sup><span id="HCM quote1 jump"></span>-->
<span id="HCM quote1"></span>
* (↑ [[#HCM quote1 jump|N.hcm1]]) <i>HCM quote1:</i> From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.<ref name=Patti.1980/><sup>:4</sup><!--{{sfn|Patti|1980|p=4}}-->


====Neutrality====
<span id="Minh Tan"></span>
* (↑ [[#Minh Tan jump|N.mbl]]) <i>Minh Tan book list:</i>  A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography].
<!--: Back to [[#Minh Tan jump|Note]].-->


====Economic cooperation====
<span id="Napalm battles"></span>
* (↑ [[#Napalm battles jump|N.nb]]) <i>Napalm battles:</i> See, e.g., the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C4%A9nh_Y%C3%AAn battle of Vinh Yen] (1951), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n battle of Na San] (1952), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu battle of Dien Bien Phu] (1954), etc.
<!--:Back to [[#Napalm battles jump|Note]]. -->


☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
<span id="Political influence"></span>
* Citation and summary of Bich's article, which focused on the neutrality of South Vietnam as a solution to avoid the Second Indochina War.
* (↑ [[#Political influence jump|N.pi]]) <i>Political influence:</i>  A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".
* Quotations from Asselin (2013){{sfn|Asselin|2013}} and Nguyen (2012){{sfn|Nguyen|2012}} regarding neutrality or neutralization of South Vietnam.
<!--:Back to [[#Political influence jump|Note]].-->
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.


== Early life and education ==
<span id="Primary sources, quotations"></span>
Engineer and doctor Nguyen Ngoc Bich was born on 18 May 1911{{efn|name=DoB-DoD-NNB|The exact dates of birth and of death of Dr. Bich, together with the locations, are inscribed in a commemoration stela for both [[Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu|Dr. Henriette Bui]] and Dr. Bich in a [[Cao Dai]]{{sfn|Lancaster|1961|p={{plain link|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationoffr0000lanc/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22cao+dai%22&view=theater|name=85}}}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2021}} cemetery in [[Ben Tre]], [[Vietnam]].  A photo of this stela is provided in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}}} in An Hoi village, Bao Huu canton, Bao An district, now in Giong Mong district, Ben Tre province.  He was the son of Mr. Nguyen Ngoc Tuong (1881–1951), [[Cao Dai]]{{sfn|Lancaster|1961|p={{plain link|url=https://archive.org/details/emancipationoffr0000lanc/page/86/mode/2up?q=%22cao+dai%22&view=theater|name=85}}}}{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2021}} Ban Chinh Dao (Ben Tre), and Ms. Bui Thi Giau.
* (↑ [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|N.psq1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|N.psq2]]) <i>Primary sources, quotations:</i> See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/> and ''Notes on Vietnam History.''<ref name=VQL.2023a/>
<!--:Back to [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|Note 1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|Note 2]].-->


As a child, he stayed with his father, lived in many places such as Can Tho, Ha Tien, Can Giuoc and mainly studied in Can Giuoc. In 1926, at the age of 15, he went to Saigon to study and graduated with a Baccalaureat at Chasseloup Laubat French School with very high scores, studying abroad in France. In France, he studied and obtained engineering degrees from the École Polytechnique in Paris (he entered in 1931 and graduated in 1933) and later from the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées also in Paris. These are 2 prestigious engineering universities in France, as well as in the world so far, especially Polytechnique because the entrance exam is very difficult and is a military school under the tutelage of the French Ministry of the Army, students when graduating have the rank of a military officer and at that time had to work for the government (civil or military) for a period of time.
<!--<sup>[[#Year of the Pig|N.ytp]]</sup><span id="Year of the Pig jump"></span>-->
<!--
<span id="Year of the Pig"></span>
Figure 1. Student at Ecole Polytechnique (1931–1932)
* (↑ [[#Year of the Pig jump1|N.ytp1]], [[#Year of the Pig jump2|N.ytp2]]) <i>Year of the Pig:</i> In his interview in the 1968 documentary ''[[In the Year of the Pig]],'' at the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s Youtube video time 13:56]<!--{{plain link|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pibqRPi8Bo&t=13m56s|name=Youtube video time 13:56}}-->, Paul Mus recounted: "[[Ho Chi Minh]] said [in 1945]<!--{{bracket|in 1945}}-->, 'I have no army.' That's not true now [in 1968]<!--{{bracket|in 1968}}-->.  'I have no army.'  1945.  'I have no finance.  I have no diplomacy.  I have no public instruction.  I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.'  Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time [[Ho Chi Minh]] has trusted us, we betrayed him."
-->


☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
== References ==
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.
 
== Life in exile ==
[[File:Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu_1931.jpg|thumb|left|Dr. Henriette Bui Quang Chieu, companion of Dr. Bich, in 1931]]
Back in France, he lived with [[Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu|Dr Henriette Bui Quang Chieu]], Vietnam's first female doctor, but the two did not marry because they were relatives (his mother, Bui Thi Giau, was a cousin of Bui Quang Chieu, Henriette Bui's father). Back in France, he founded in Paris Minh Tan{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2023}} publishing house ((agents in Vietnam were the two bookstores Truong Thi (Hanoi) and Bich Van Thu Xa (Saigon)) with some friends to publish works of Vietnamese intellectuals to help improve people's knowledge living in Vietnam.
<!--
<!--
Figure 2. Publishing house Minh Tân in Paris
<span style="background-color:yellow">NOTE: 24.5.17, Reference links are NOT the same as in Wikipedia. Be careful when copy the section References from Wikipedia so NOT to overwrite the changes for CZ.  ENDNOTE </span>
Patti 1980<ref name=Patti.1980/>
Paul Mus 1969<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary"/>
-->
-->


Published books include such as Dao Duy Anh's "''Hán-Việt Tự Điển''" (Chinese-Vietnamese dictionary) and "''Pháp-Việt Tự Điển''" (French-Vietnamese dictionary), "''French-Vietnamese'' Scientific ''Nouns''", Hoang Xuan Han's "''Danh từ khoa học Pháp-Việt''" (Scientific vocabulary French-Vietnamese), "''Chinh Phụ ngăm bị khảo''" and "''La sơn Phu tử''", Tran Duc Thao's "''Phénoménologie et matérialisme dialectique"'' (Phenomenology and Dialectical Materialism), doctors Pham Khac Quan and Le Khac Thien's "''Danh tử Pháp Việt về thuật ngữ kỹ thuật trong y tế''" (French Vietnamese vocabulary on technical terminology in medicine), etc. After graduating from medicine and receiving a doctor's degree, he studied cancer and taught Medical Physics at the Paris Medical School until his death. After he finished composing his Agrégation thesis ("agrégation" (translated into Thạc Sĩ in Vietnamese) is a degree higher than PHD), he could not take the exam because foreigners who want to be enrolled in the exam, must provide a letter of recommendation from their Embassy, at that time the Embassy of the State of Viet Nam with which he refused to have any link. During the French colonial period, French citizenship was given with parsimony to the ones who rendered great service to France and who applied for it. He did not render any service to France, he just had to work as a civil engineer for the colonial government, which was mandatory because he graduated from Ecole Polytechnique.
Marr 1984<ref name=Marr.1984/>,  
Marr 2013<ref name=Marr.2013/>


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<references>
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.


== Engagement in politics ==
<!-- NEW refs not yet re-organized -->
In 1954, before Diem was selected by Bao Dai, according to the books ''Our Vietnam: The War 1954–1975'' by Arthur John Langguth{{sfn|Langguth|2000|p=84}} and ''The Lost Crusade – America in Vietnam'' by Chester L. Cooper,{{sfn|Cooper|1970|loc=pp. 122–123}}<!--{{efn|Page 122–123 in Cooper (1970){{sfn|Cooper|1970}}.}}--> he was widely regarded as a possible prime minister of the State of Vietnam.


Along with some Vietnamese in France, he wanted to give the country another way than the one of war: cooperation between North and South that help each other develop to catch up with neighbouring countries and avoid dependence on foreign states: negotiations and economic and trade cooperation while waiting for favourable conditions for the two sides to unite the country. That idea was echoed by him in an article he wrote in the quarterly magazine China Quarterly, March 3–5, 1962.  Later, the same idea was proposed by Ho Chi Minh (in 1958 and 1962){{efn|"In his speech at the twelfth anniversary of independence on September 2, 1957, Ho Chi Minh emphasized the consolidation and development of the economy in order to enhance the people's destiny. Regarding the South, he spoke of patience to reunify the country peacefully through general elections and advocated meetings and negotiations with the South, a position he reiterated on February 7, 1958 in New Delhi. On March 7, 1958, Pham Van Dong sent a letter to Ngo Dinh Diem, requesting meetings to reduce the army on each side and establish trade relations, the first steps towards future unification. The South Vietnamese government, learning from past communist actions against the nationalists (1945–46), did not believe in this outstretched hand."{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|2023|p=330}}
<ref name="NYT Paul Mus obituary">
{{citation |title=Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/16/archives/dr-paul-mus-dies-a-yale-professor-southeast-asia-authority-also.html |date=16 August 1969 |ref={{harvid|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}}}.
</ref>


<!--According to the documents (FRUS, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963, D151) « -->
<ref name="de Gaulle web">
"In March 1962, Mr. Ho Chi Minh said, in an interview with journalist Wilfred Burchett, the his concern for a peaceful resolution of the Vietnam issue [... and] in September [of the same year], the Indian President of the ICC (International Control) reported that Ho had said he was prepared to extend the hand of friendship to Diem ('a patriot') and that the North and South might possibly initiate several steps toward a modus vivendi, including an exchange of members of divided families."{{sfn|FRUS|1963|No.151}}}} and Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu{{efn|"In March 1962, Ho Chi Minh said, in an interview with journalist Wilfred Burchett, his concern for a peaceful resolution of the Vietnam issue [... and] in September [of the same year], the Indian President of the ICC (International Control Commission) reported that Ho Chi Minh had said that he was prepared to extend a hand of friendship to Ngo Dinh Diem ('a patriotic'), and the North and the South can initiate some steps towards a modus vivendi, including the exchange of members of divided families."{{sfn|FRUS|1963|No.151}}}} (in 1963) but without success. A member of his group went to Geneva (Geneva Conference in 1954) to meet Phan Van Dong. He was invited by Georges Bidault, French Foreign Minister (until June 16, 1954) to meet and an American professor from Washington came to Paris to see him. But at that time the U.S. policy was to eliminate communism, and Pham Van Dong's side paid attention to the planned reunification elections in 1956.  
{{citation |title=Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969) |series= Former Presidents of the Republic |url=https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle |website=www.elysee.fr |date= 15 November 2018 |access-date=13 Jun 2023 |ref = {{harvid|de Gaulle web}} }}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328183641/https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
</ref>


[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png|150px|thumb|right|Publisher Minh-Tan logo]]
<ref name=Marr.1984>
That group of Vietnamese intellectuals—most of whom were professionals trained and residing in France—kept to be discreet at that time and often met at the headquarters of Minh Tan publishing house, which made them called by some the Minh Tan group. The publisher's logo is a pigeon sandwiched in the beak of an olive branch, symbolizing "Peace".
{{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=1984 |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945 |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamesetradit0000marr |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
</ref>


<!--
<ref name=Marr.2013>
Figure 2b. Minh Tan's logo is a dove carrying an olive branch, symbolizing "Peace"".  
{{citation |last=Marr | first=David G. |year=2013 |title=Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946) |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley.}}
Figure 3. The French military interrogation in 1946 left a mark on his forehand (family photo 1964).
</ref>
-->
He sent his candidacy for the 1961 South Viet Nam presidential election, with his partner Nguyễn Văn Thoại,{{efn|Nguyen Van Thoai comes from a famous Catholic family in the South. His brother, Nguyen Van At, married Ngo Dinh Thi Hiep, one of Ngo Dinh Diem's two sisters, and their son was later Cardinal Nguyen Van Thuan, the co-vice archbishop of Saigon. Nguyen Ngoc Bich is the son of one of the founders of [[Cao Dai]] (three million followers).}} a professor at Collège de France in Paris and a former minister of Ngô Đình Diệm. But his file was dismissed by the Ngo Dinh Diem government because of "technical problems".


☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
<ref name=Patti.1980>
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
{{citation |last=Patti |first=Archimedes |year=1980 |title=Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross |url=https://archive.org/details/whyvietnamprelud0000patt/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=University of California Press | location = Berkeley |isbn = 978-0520047839}}
* References
</ref>
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.


== End of life ==
<ref name=Tonnesson.2010>
[[File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhut headstone.jpg|thumb|right|Nguyen Ngoc Nhut (1918-1952)]]
{{citation |last=Tønnesson | first=Stein |year=2010 |title=Vietnam 1946: How the War Began |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, California |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnam1946howwa0000tnne/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |url-access=registration |access-date=2024-05-05}}.
Suffering from throat cancer, he returned to Vietnam in 1966 when he was very severe and died in Thu Duc on 4 Dec 1966.{{efn|name=DoB-DoD-NNB}} He was buried in Ben Tre, near the grave of his father Nguyen Ngoc Tuong and his brothers, including his brother martyr Nguyen Ngoc Nhut,{{sfn|Nguyen-Hung|2003}}{{efn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Nhut's name was given to a street in Ho Chi Minh City and in Ben Tre city.}} who was a member of the Southern Administrative Resistance Committee. But the grave is open because Nhut's remains have been moved by the government to a martyr's graveyard in Ben Tre.
</ref>


☛  NOT DONE, TO ADD: [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 16:44, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
<!-- TO reorganize the above NEW refs -->
* Check for [[WP:NPOV]] style; rewrite if necessary.
* References
* Refer to master biography{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} for details.


== Peaceful negotiation ==
TO REMOVE:  [[User:Egm4313.s12|Egm4313.s12]] ([[User talk:Egm4313.s12|talk]]) 15:30, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
*  This section will be removed, and replace by Section [[#A 1962 peace proposal|A 1962 peace proposal]].
=== Vietnam-War casualties ===
[https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-in-the-Vietnam-War How many people died in the Vietnam War?] Britannica (accessed on 2023.02.18)
[https://www.britannica.com/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419 Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica]
{| class="wikitable"
|In 1995 Vietnam released its official estimate of the number of people killed during the Vietnam War: as many as 2,000,000 civilians on both sides and some 1,100,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., lists more than 58,300 names of members of the U.S. armed forces who were killed or went missing in action. Among other countries that fought for South Vietnam, South Korea had more than 4,000 dead, Thailand about 350, Australia more than 500, and New Zealand some three dozen.
|}
=== The China Quarterly, Vol. 9, Mar 1962 ===
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly The China Quarterly | Cambridge Core]
{| class="wikitable"
|''The China Quarterly'' is the leading scholarly journal in its field, covering all aspects of contemporary China including Taiwan. Its interdisciplinary approach covers a range of subjects including anthropology/sociology, literature and the arts, business/economics, geography, history, international affairs, law, and politics. Edited to rigorous standards by scholars of the highest repute, the journal publishes high-quality, authoritative research. International in scholarship, ''The China Quarterly'' provides readers with historical perspectives, in-depth analyses, and a deeper understanding of China and Chinese culture. In addition to major articles and research reports, each issue contains a comprehensive Book Review section.
|
|}
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB The China Quarterly: Volume 9 - | Cambridge Core  (Mar 1962)]
==== Contributors ====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE Contributors]
==== Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint ====
Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich (1962),
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint]
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly The China Quarterly], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], March, pp. 105–111.
DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100002525X https://doi.org/10.1017/S030574100002525X]
===== '''Summary of main points''' =====
In 1962, Dr. Bich{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich|1962}} laid out an argument to avoid the subversion war by North Vietnam to conquer rice from South Vietnam to solve its famine problem due to low yields in agricultural production using archaic methods and due to the failed agrarian reform.  His main points were (1) South Vietnam should have a truly liberal democratic government, (2) the South should establish commercial relations with the North to help solve the said famine problem, (3) the South should maintain a non-aligned neutrality that would prevent interference from the North, (4) the South would peacefully negotiate with the North toward a progressive reunification.  Below is a more detailed summary of his article, looking back from more than 60 years later.  As a result, past tense is used in this summary to describe long-past events, instead of the sometimes present tense used in the original article.{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}} The full article translated into French is available in the document <!--[[c:Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A biography|Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A biography]]-->''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''{{sfn|Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau|Vu-Quoc-Loc|2023}}
{| class="wikitable"
|Contrary to the belief of the Western world (that the Vietnamese generally disliked, and had an inferiority complex against, the Chinese), the Vietnamese tended to be too proud of their history and victories against the Chinese and Mongol invaders over the centuries.
Aware of the Chinese historical "fierce expansionism", an important question for North and South Vietnam was how to safeguard the future of Vietnam as a whole country.
While South Vietnam tried to forcibly assimilate Chinese immigrants and their descendants, North Vietnam adopted a "more subtle attitude", moving from "fears" during the Chiang Kai-shek era  to "solidarity and friendship" after the communist had won in 1949.
The Geneva agreements, while satisfying for China, left the North Vietnamese to be content with the prospect of reunifying with South Vietnam upon an election.  After the failure of the agrarian reform, there was a concern of the presence of many Chinese soldiers and civilians in North Vietnam.  To keep Chinese economic aid flowing, Ho Chi Minh initially maintained a balance between Peking (Beijing) and Moscow, but subsequently tilted toward Moscow after Peking admitted that it could not help carry out a semi-heavy industrialization.  In September 1960, Le Duan, then Secretary-General of the Party, put forward a three-point program: (1) Support Moscow in any Sino-Soviet dispute, (2) Five-year plan (1961–1965) to  socialize North Vietnam, (3) Progressive and peaceful reunification of the two Vietnams.
With the nomination of Le Duan—who led the struggle for independence in South Vietnam for a long time and knew the South more than anyone else—as First Secretary of the Party,  North Vietnam began to undertake the reconquest of the South, with the first step being to eliminate the Ngo Dinh Diem regime and the American influence in the South.  There were deeper motives.
"The most striking feature of the Vietnamese Communist leadership was its outstanding spirit of realism, even pragmatism."  They continuously and critically reexamined facts so that a lesson could be drawn for every action and every happening to avoid past mistakes.  By doing so, they tended to imitate or to repeat past actions that were proven successful, and lacked imagination and open-mindedness to create new solutions to tackle new challenges.
[[File:French_plane_dropped_napalm_bomb_on_Vietminh_force.png|550px|thumb|center|French plane pulling up after a dive to drop Napalm bombs on Vietminh force ambushing a French battalion. The white streak below the plane, clearly visible against the dark background of trees further behind, was the Napalm bomb that was just dropped. 1953 December.]]
[[File:French indochina napalm 1953-12 1.png|550px|thumb|center|French Napalm bomb exploded over Vietminh force.  1953 December. This image during the (French) [[First Indochina War]], conjuring up the horrific destruction of the Napalm on the human flesh,{{sfn|Tong|2018}} portended what was to come more than ten years later during the (American) [[Second Indochina War]] with even more deadly advanced Napalm technology.]]
For example, they stopped following the advice of Chinese tacticians in launching large-scale mass attacks once many of their soldiers died by French napalm bombs.  They switched from the costlier manufacturing of arms to the less expensive  manufacturing of hand grenades, which can be used against light battalions to seize their arms.  They bred dogs, instead of pigs, as a source of meat since dogs produced two litters of young each year, while pigs produced only one.
A deeper motive to swing closer to Moscow was to develop a rapid industrialization to raise the standard of living to avoid complaints about dictatorship and restriction of freedom, and also the "dreaded spectre of becoming a mere satellite state".
The targets of the Five-Year Plan were "extremely optimistic".  In the old French Indochina, "great leaps forward" in economics were achieved in some sectors, such as a 400% increase in plantation area, 150% increase in the number of workers in industrial establishments, in spite of World War I.  Now, there was an abundance of labor due to high unemployment.  The planned industrial projects could be completed if foreign aid maintained the same rhythm and agricultural production was adequate.
It was doubtful, however, that the target of growing agricultural production by 61% over five years could be achieved due to low yields resulting from the archaic methods of cultivation, the old system of sub-letting land, the difficulty of cultivating new land, the discontent among the peasants, and the disastrous agrarian reforms and its consequence.  Hunger had become endemic, and China could not come to the rescue because of her own problems.  Rice had to be smuggled from the South to the North.
[[File:Famine_in_Vietnam,_1945_(3).jpg|250px|thumb|right|The great Vietnamese famine 1944–1945.]]
The five-year plan ran a "grave risk of failure" due to lack of food to feed the people in North Vietnam, without an increase in rice supply from South Vietnam, not to mention other unpredictable factors such as floods, droughts, bad weather, etc.
The success of the Five-Year Plan would be a primary condition to maintain some independence from Peking, which would exert a greater influence than from Moscow in the case of "necessary and inevitable war", and the North being a satellite of China "would constitute a most serious menace for the South, particularly in time of any major crisis".
The reconquest of the South entrusted to Le Duan could then be understood as  "a struggle unleashed simply for the purpose of conquering rice", without which the five-year plan most certainly would fail.  For many Southerners, their reaction against the Diem regime, rather than the love for Communism, enabled this subversion war to continue. The enormous economic benefit that North Vietnam would harvest from the national reunification was the primary reason for the war.
North Vietnam was fighting to secure rice, and thus the war was, from the purely national point of view, a legitimate one.  Ngo Dinh Diem on the other hand refused to provide aid to alleviate the famine in the North.
The Vietnamese people had for a long time a desire to have a liberal, truly democratic government. and had proven that in the end they would rise time and again to thwart the yoke imposed on them by any foreign power.
To avoid such internal war for rice from becoming a proxy war for Moscow, there should be a liberal regime in Saigon that allowed for establishing commercial relations with Hanoi and for a call to stop the fighting.  Moreover, a non-aligned political neutrality would prevent interference by North Vietnam in the affairs of South Vietnam.
A peaceful and progressive reunification of the two Vietnams could only be achieved through negotiation at a table, and not by arm struggle in the jungle.  The South would hope to live side by side peacefully with the North to collaborate in building the common Vietnamese nation, as the alternative would make "reunification" a propaganda that concealed the desire to conquer.
|}
==Publication==
* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [[Bernard B. Fall]], [[Hoang Van Chi]], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [[French Cochinchina#cite ref-41|French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]]), [[P. J. Honey]]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [[P. J. Honey]]), among others.
==Timeline==
Important historical events in Vietnam and in the world that affected directly or indirectly the life of Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, from his birth in 1911 to his death in 1966.
===1911===
* MM DD, Nguyen Ngoc Bich was born in LOCATION, Vietnam.  Section [[#Early life and education|Early life and education]].
===1930===
* Feb 9-10, [[Yen Bai mutiny]].  Brutal repression by the French colonialists.  Bich at 19 years old.
===1931===
* MM DD, began to study at the Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France.  Bich at 20.
* met Henriette Bui.
===1933===
* graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique.  Bich at 22.
* began to study at the Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussees.
<!-- Wikipedia {{efn}} {{sfn}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
-->
== Notes ==
<span class="anchor" id="NNBich-betrayed"></span>
* <i>Betrayal suspicion:</i> On the betrayal suspicion, {{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}, p.123, wrote: "Whether the [[Viet Minh]] had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but [[Nguyen Ngoc Bich|Bich]] always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in  {{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.  [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9].  See the [[#China Quarterly|Note on ''The China Quarterly'']]<span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly jump2"></span>.
:Back to [[#NNBich-betrayed jump|Jump link "Note"]].
<span class="anchor" id="bich-injury"></span>
* <i>Bich's injury:</i> A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/>
:Back to [[#bich-injury-jump|Jump link "Note"]].
<span class="anchor" id="China Quarterly"></span>
* <i>China Quarterly:</i> The [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] of [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], reads: "Five of our articles are by specialists who have observed the Hanoi regime from a distance. M. Tongas and Mr. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi] are writing on the basis of personal experience. Dr. Bich presents an independent view of the whole Vietnamese situation."  This China Quarterly issue contained the articles written by several well-known intellectuals on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (See [https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Philippe Devillers (1920–2016), un secret nommé Viêt-Nam, Mémoires d'Indochine], [https://web.archive.org/web/20220629093316/https://indomemoires.hypotheses.org/21651 Internet archived 2022.06.29]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey], William Kaye (see e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962]),  Gerard Tongas, among others.  See the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/editorial/5958FFC9348ED8A5B69E462E3B72B806 Editorial] and the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors].
:Back to [[#China Quarterly jump|Jump link "Note" 1]], [[#China Quarterly jump2|Jump link "Note" 2]].
<span class="anchor" id="Francophile anticolonialists"></span>
* <i>Francophile anticolonialists:</i> "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise.  Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."<ref name=Logevall.2012/><sup>:9</sup>
: Back to [[#Francophile anticolonialists jump|Jump link "Note"]].  Back to [[#First Indochina War|First Indochina War]]
<span class="anchor" id="Minh Tan"></span>
* <i>Minh Tan book list:</i>  A list of important books published by Minh Tan can be found in [https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography].
: Back to [[#Minh Tan jump|Jump link "Note"]].
<span class="anchor" id="Napalm battles"></span>
* <i>Napalm battles:</i> See, e.g., the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_V%C4%A9nh_Y%C3%AAn battle of Vinh Yen] (1951), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A0_S%E1%BA%A3n battle of Na San] (1952), the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu battle of Dien Bien Phu] (1954), etc.
:Back to [[#Napalm battles jump|Jump link "Note"]].
<!--
<ref name=fn1-TCQ-NNB-bio>
<b>Note:</b>
-->
<span class="anchor" id="Political influence"></span>
* <i>Political influence:</i>  A direct quote from the [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/contributors/DFA1B1B34B49325008EAB9EB582BF0DE brief introduction of the contributors] to [[The China Quarterly]], [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], 1962, reads: Dr. Bich's "personal influence upon Cochin Chinese opinion is considerable, and he is regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".
:Back to [[#Political influence jump|Jump link "Note"]].
<span class="anchor" id="Primary sources, quotations"></span>
* <i>Primary sources, quotations:</i> See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in ''Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography''<ref name=NNC.VQL.2023/> and ''Notes on Vietnam History.''<ref name=VQL.2023a/>
:Back to [[#Primary sources, quotations jump1|Jump link "Note" 1]], [[#Primary sources, quotations jump2|Jump link "Note" 2]].
== References ==
<!--{{Reflist|30em}}-->
<references>
<!-- Notes: All Notes are grouped at the beginning, above the references -->
<!-- References: All references are grouped after the Notes -->
<!-- below are the references, not Notes -->
<!--
<!--
<ref name=Buttinger.1967a>
<ref name=Buttinger.1967a>
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<ref name="PBS US involvement in Vietnam">
{{citation |title=US Involvement in Indochina |url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |ref={{harvid|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} }}, <!--{{plain link|url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/|name=PBS Learning Media, Illinois}}-->[https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/ PBS Learning Media, Illinois]. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary [[The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)|The Vietnam War]], a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
</ref>


<ref name=Buttinger.1967b>
<ref name=Buttinger.1967b>
{{citation |last=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Buttinger Buttinger] |first=Joseph |year=1967b |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
{{citation |last=[[Joseph Buttinger|Buttinger]] |first=Joseph |year=1967b |title=Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2  |publisher=Frederik A. Praegers, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamdragonemb02butt/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=25 Feb 2023}}
</ref>
</ref>


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<!--Cooper, 1970, p=122.-->
<!--Cooper, 1970, p=122.-->
{{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}
{{citation |last=Cooper |first=Chester L. |year=1970 |title=The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam |publisher=Dood, Mead & Company, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/lostcrusadeameri00coop/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |access-date=7 Mar 2023}}
</ref>
<ref name="Deconde.2002">
{{citation
|editor-last1 = DeConde |editor-first1 = A.
|editor-last2 = Burns |editor-first2 = R.D.
|editor-last3 = Logevall |editor-first3 = F.
|year=2002
|title=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy |volume=3
|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam03deco/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater
|access-date=2024-05-11
|publisher=Charles Scribner's & Sons
}}.
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Honey.1962>
<ref name=Honey.1962>
{{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.   
{{citation |editor=Honey, P.J. |title=Special Issue on Vietnam |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}.   
</ref>
<ref name="Lady.Borton.2020">
{{citation |last=Lady Borton |year=2020 |title=WE NEVER KNEW: Napalm use during Vietnam's French-American War
|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/en/we-never-knewnapalm-use-during-vietnams-french-american-war-638460.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907175453/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/we-never-knewnapalm-use-during-vietnams-french-american-war-638460.html
|archive-date=2022-09-07
}}, [https://vietnamnet.vn/ vietnamnet.vn], May 5.
<!--
[https://web.archive.org/web/20220907175453/https://vietnamnet.vn/en/we-never-knewnapalm-use-during-vietnams-french-american-war-638460.html Internet archived on 2022.09.07].
-->
</ref>
</ref>


<ref name=Langguth.2000>
<ref name=Langguth.2000>
{{citation |last=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Langguth Langguth] |first=Arthur John |year=2000 |title=Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla |url-access=registration |access-date=14 Mar 2023}}
{{citation |last=[[A.J. Langguth|Langguth]] |first=Arthur John |year=2000 |title=Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975 |publisher=Simon & Schuster, New York  |url=https://archive.org/details/ourvietnam00ajla |url-access=registration |access-date=14 Mar 2023}}
</ref>
 
<ref name="Lawrence.2007">
{{citation |editor-last1 = Lawrence |editor-first1 = Mark A. |editor-last2 = Logevall |editor-first2 = Fredrik |year=2007 |title=The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and the Cold War |publisher=Harvard University Press, Massachusetts }}.
</ref>
</ref>


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{{citation |last=Logevall | first=Fredrik |year=2012 |title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/embersofwarfallo0000loge |url-access=registration |access-date=12 Apr 2012 |publisher=Random House, New York}}, 864 pp. Winner of the [https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/fredrik-logevall 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History]: "''For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000).''  A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war"  • Winner of the [https://sah.columbia.edu/content/prizes/francis-parkman-prize/2013-fredrik-logevall-embers-war-fall-empire-and-making 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians] • Winner of the [https://americanlibraryinparis.org/fredrik-logevall-reflects-on-vietnam-different-dreams-same-footsteps/ 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award] • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations [https://www.cfr.org/past-winners-arthur-ross-book-award 2013 Gold Medal] [https://www.cfr.org/arthur-ross-book-award Arthur Ross Book Award] • Finalist for the [https://www.cundillprize.com/winners/2013 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature].
{{citation |last=Logevall | first=Fredrik |year=2012 |title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/embersofwarfallo0000loge |url-access=registration |access-date=12 Apr 2012 |publisher=Random House, New York}}, 864 pp. Winner of the [https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/fredrik-logevall 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History]: "''For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000).''  A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war"  • Winner of the [https://sah.columbia.edu/content/prizes/francis-parkman-prize/2013-fredrik-logevall-embers-war-fall-empire-and-making 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians] • Winner of the [https://americanlibraryinparis.org/fredrik-logevall-reflects-on-vietnam-different-dreams-same-footsteps/ 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award] • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations [https://www.cfr.org/past-winners-arthur-ross-book-award 2013 Gold Medal] [https://www.cfr.org/arthur-ross-book-award Arthur Ross Book Award] • Finalist for the [https://www.cundillprize.com/winners/2013 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature].
</ref>
</ref>
<!--
<ref name=napalm>
<!--Napalm-->
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm Napalm]
</ref>
-->


<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
<ref name=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich>
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_China_Quarterly The China Quarterly] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
{{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall Bernard B. Fall], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoang_Van_Chi Hoang Van Chi], Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book ''Histoire du Viet-Nam'' in Section [[#References|References]] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Cochinchina#cite_ref-41 French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40]), [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]<!--(see, e.g., his [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf review of Tongas' ''Enfer Communiste'']), William Kaye (see, e.g., [https://www.jstor.org/stable/651693 A Bowl of Rice Divided: The Economy of North Vietnam, 1962])-->,  Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, [https://www.abebooks.com/Jai-v%C3%A9cu-lEnfer-Communiste-Nord-Viet-Nam/31061452118/bd ''J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam''], Debresse, Paris, 1961, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2300EAC28055ADB13CD8B21AF51F3BBE/S0305741000025340a.pdf/lenfer_communiste_au_nord_vietnam_by_gerard_tongas_paris_les_nouvelles_editions_debresse_1961_463_pp_18_new_francs.pdf reviewed]] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Honey P. J. Honey]), among others.
</ref>
</ref>


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</references>
</references>
== Citations ==
<!--{{notelist}}-->
{{Reflist}}
== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation 
|title=151: Memorandum Prepared for the Director of Central Intelligence (McCone) |work=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August-December 1963
|year=1963
|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151
|access-date=15 Mar 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194149/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151
|archive-date=15 Nov 2022 
|ref = <!--{{harvid|FRUS|1963}}-->{{harvid|FRUS|1963|No.151}}
}}.
<!--[https://web.archive.org/web/20221115194149/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d151 Internet archived 2022.11.15].-->
* {{citation |title=US Involvement in Indochina |url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/45c681ef-d364-4851-9f64-7ecce19e3c79/us-involvement-in-indochina-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |ref={{harvid|PBS US involvement in Vietnam}} }}, {{plain link|url=https://illinois.pbslearningmedia.org/|name=PBS Learning Media, Illinois}}. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary [[The_Vietnam_War_(TV_series)|The Vietnam War]], a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
* {{citation |title=Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969) |series= Former Presidents of the Republic |url=https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle |website=www.elysee.fr |date= 15 November 2018 |access-date=13 Jun 2023 |ref = {{harvid|de Gaulle web}} }}.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328183641/https://www.elysee.fr/en/charles-de-gaulle Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
* {{citation |title=How many people died in the Vietnam War? |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-in-the-Vietnam-War |access-date=30 Mar 2023 |ref = {{harvid|Encyclopedia Britannica, Vietnam-War casualties}}}}.  [https://web.archive.org/web/20230328065158/https://www.britannica.com/question/How-many-people-died-in-the-Vietnam-War Internet archived on 2023.03.28].
* {{citation |title=Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/08/16/archives/dr-paul-mus-dies-a-yale-professor-southeast-asia-authority-also.html |date=16 August 1969 |ref={{harvid|NYT Paul Mus obituary}}}}.
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* {{citation |last=Nguyen |first=Lien-Hang T. |year=2012 |title=Hanoi's War |publisher=University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill}}.
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* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich |title=Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=9 |date=March 1962 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/vietnaman-independent-viewpoint/91FC9BBCE8F39A365B303AC4118BEBC6 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 Feb 2023}}, pp. 105–111.  See also the contents of [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/volume/0FB8E56075A0E2649EB01EC2BFB9ABFB Volume 9], which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics.
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* {{citation |last=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |title=The basic truths on Caodaism |url=https://www.academia.edu/44590508 |date=20 Jul 2021 |publisher=education.edu}}.
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* {{citation |last1=Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau |last2=Vu-Quoc-Loc |year=2023 |title=Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/nguyen-ngoc-bich-1911-1966-a-biography |publisher=Internet Archive |access-date=21 Mar 2023}}, [[CC-BY-SA 4.0]]. ([https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Le5jRNs4Ib0FYTZkBdG2tlpAo0jH6q52/view?usp=share_link Backup copy].) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.
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{{refend}}
== Gallery ==
===Nguyen Ngoc Bich===
Images used to illustrate this article.
<gallery widths="110" heights="180">
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street.png|Nguyen Ngoc Bich Street
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911-1966) signature 1949.png|Signature 1949
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole Polytechnique 2.png|Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931 Ecole polytechnique
File:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich_1933_X.png|Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, Ecole polytechnique
File:Nguyen Ngoc Bich Minh Tan Logo.png|Publisher Minh-Tan logo
File:Nguyen Ngoc Nhut headstone.jpg|Nguyen Ngoc Nhut (1918-1952)
File:NN Chau TDA cover.png|Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle, book cover
File:Henriette_Bùi_Quang_Chiêu_1931.jpg|Dr. Henriette Bui
</gallery>
===First Indochina War===
Images used to illustrate this article.
<gallery widths="110" heights="180">
File:1945 Aug 16 Deer Team train Vietminh.png|1945 Aug 16 Deer Team train Vietminh
File:1945 OSS train Vietminh grenade launcher.png|OSS Deer team<!--{{efn|name=OSS-HCM}}--> training the Viet Minh to use a grenade launcher.
File:1945 Aug Alison Thomas Vietminh to Hanoi.png|1945 Aug OSS Maj. Allison Thomas and Viet-Minh fighters marching to Hanoi, Aug 1945.
File:Patti Giap US flag 1945 Aug 26.png|[[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] saluted American flag, with a [[Viet Minh]] band playing the ''Star Spangled Banner'', 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:1945 Aug Archimedes Patti, Vo Nguyen Giap.png|[[Vo Nguyen Giap]] gave a welcoming parade to US Maj. [[Archimedes Patti]], head of the US Army intelligence team ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945 Aug 26, Sunday.
File:1945 Vietnam Independence or Death.png|Vietnam Independence or Death demonstration, August 1945.
File:Président Ho-chi-Minh lit la Proclamation-d'indépendance sur la place Ba-dinh le 2nd Sep 1945.jpg|[[Ho Chi Minh]] declared [[Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam|Vietnam independence, 1945 Sep 2]].
File:Ho Chi Minh, Giap, farewell to OSS team 1945.png|[[Ho Chi Minh]] and [[Vo Nguyen Giap]] giving a farewell party to the US Army intelligence team ([[Office_of_Strategic_Services|OSS]]), 1945.
File:French_plane_dropped_napalm_bomb_on_Vietminh_force.png|French plane pulling up after a dive to drop napalm bombs on Vietminh force ambushing a French battalion.
File:French_indochina_napalm_1953-12_1.png|French napalm bomb exploded over Vietminh force. 1953 December.
File:1stIndochinaWar001.jpg|French Marines wading ashore off the coast of Annam (Central Vietnam) in July 1950.
File:HD-SN-99-02042.JPEG|A Viet-Minh suspect captured by a French-Foreign-Legion patrol in 1954.
File:Vietnamese_refugees_board_LST_516_during_Operation_Passage_to_Freedom,_October_1954_(030630-N-0000X-001).jpg|Vietnamese refugees boarding the US Navy ship LST 516 during Operation Passage to Freedom, October 1954.
File:Famine_in_Vietnam,_1945_(3).jpg|The great Vietnamese famine 1944–1945.
File:1945.09.02 Archimedes Patti Operational Priority.pdf|1945.09.02 [[Archimedes Patti]] Operational Priority communication
File:1946_Ho_Chi_Minh_Leclerc_Sainteny_2.png|[[Ho Chi Minh]], Leclerc, Sainteny, 1945 Mar 18
File:1945_Aug_12_de_Gaulle_Truman_White_House.jpg|de Gaulle visited Truman, 1946 Aug 12
File:1945_Oct_22_Ho_Chi_Minh_letter_to_US_Secretary_of_State_p1.jpg|Ho Chi Minh's letter to US Secretary of State, 1945 Oct 22, Page 1, with date
File:1945_Oct_22_Ho_Chi_Minh_letter_to_US_Secretary_of_State_p2.jpg|Ho Chi Minh's letter to US Secretary of State, 1945 Oct 22, Page 2
File:1945_Oct_22_Ho_Chi_Minh_letter_to_US_Secretary_of_State_p3.jpg|Ho Chi Minh's letter to US Secretary of State, 1945 Oct 22, Page 3, with signature
File:Ho Chi Minh and OSS Deer Team, Bac Bo Palace, 1945 Sep.png|Ho Chi Minh and OSS Deer Team, Bac Bo Palace, 1945 Sep
</gallery>
===Second Indochina War===
Images used to illustrate this article.
<gallery widths="120" heights="180">
File:Marines_Da_Nang_Vietnam_1965.04.30.png|US Marines wading ashore in Da Nang, Central Vietnam, on 1965 Apr 30
</gallery>
{{Commons category|Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911-1966)}}
{{Draft categories|
[[:Category:1911 births]]
[[:Category:1966 deaths]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese engineers]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese nationalists]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese physicians]]
[[:Category:Vietnamese politicians]]
}}
[[fr:Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
[[vi:Nguyen Ngoc Bich]]
{{Drafts moved from mainspace|date=March 2023}}

Latest revision as of 18:09, 18 May 2024

User:Loc_Vu-Quoc/sandbox

Nguyen Ngoc Bich

User:Loc_Vu-Quoc/Draft:Nguyen_Ngoc_Bich

Introduction

Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Bich, 1962
Nguyễn Ngọc Bích
Born 18 May 1911
Ben Tre, Vietnam
Died 4 Dec 1966
Thu Duc, Vietnam
Occupation *Engineer
  • Resistance fighter
  • Medical doctor
  • Politician
Title Doctor (medical)
Known for Resistance war, politics
Nguyen Ngoc Bich 1931, student at École polytechnique.
Nguyen Ngoc Bich, circa 1933, student at École polytechnique.

Nguyễn Ngọc Bích (1911–1966) was a French-educated engineer, a hero in the Vietnamese resistance against the French colonists,[1]:850. N.psq1 a French-educated medical doctor, an intellectual and politician, who proposed an alternative viewpoint to avoid the high-casualty, high-cost war between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.[2]

The Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich street in the city of Cần Thơ, Vietnam, was named after him to honor and commemorate his feats (of sabotaging bridges to slow down the colonial French-army advances) and heroism (being on the French most-wanted list,[3]:122 imprisoned, subjected to an "intensive and unpleasant interrogation"[3]:122 that left a mark on his forehead,N.bi and exiled) during the First Indochina War.

Upon graduating from the École polytechnique (engineering military school under the French Ministry of Armed Forces) and then from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées (civil engineering) in France in 1935,[4] Dr. Bich returned to Vietnam to work for the French colonial government. After World War II, in 1945, he joined the Viet-Minh, and became a senior commander in the Vietnamese resistance movement, and insisted on fighting for Vietnam's independence, not for communism.

SuspectingN.bs of being betrayed by the Communist factionN.bs of the Viet-Minh and apprehended by the French forces, he was saved from execution by a campaign for amnesty by his École polytechnique classmates based in Vietnam, mostly high-level officers of the French army,[5]: 299 and was subsequently exiled to France, where he founded with friends and managed the Vietnamese publishing house Minh Tan (in Paris), which published many important works for the Vietnamese literature.N.mbl In parallel, he studied medicine and became a medical doctor. He was highly regarded in Vietnamese politics, and was suggested by the French in 1954 as an alternative to Ngo Dinh Diem as the sixth prime minister of the State of Vietnam under the former Emperor Bao Dai as Head of State,[6]:84 who selected Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. While Bich's candidature for the 1961 presidential election in opposition to Diem was, however, declared invalid by the Saigon authorities at the last moment for "technical reasons",[7][4], he was "regarded by many as a possible successor to President Ngo Dinh Diem".[7] N.pi, N.tcq

A large majority of the information in this article came from the master document Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography,[8] which contains even more information, including primary-source evidence and photos, than presented here.

Important historical events that affected Bich's adult life, together with those mentioned in his 1962 paper (e.g., failed agrarian reform, napalm bombs, famine, conquest for rice, etc.) are summarized, in particular the atmosphere in which Bich had lived for ten years working for the French colonialists (from 1935 to 1945), and the historical conditions that drove this French-educated engineer to become a "Francophile anticolonialist"N.fa, N.psq2 and to join the Viet Minh in 1945 (e.g., the French brutal repressions in 1940 and 1945, the power vacuum after the Japanese coup de force in 1945, Ho Chi Minh's call for a general uprising from Tân Trào, the 1945 August Revolution, the Black Sunday on 1945 Sep 2 in Saigon, etc.). The key principle is to summarize a historical event only when it was directly related to Bich's activities. Care is exercised in selecting references and quotations that complement, but not duplicate, other Wikipedia articles at the time of this writing. For example, the history and the general use of napalm bombs, which Bich mentioned in his 1962 article, are not summarized. Regarding the French using American-made napalm bombs in the First Indochina War, well-known battlesN.nb are also not summarized.

First Indochina War

The broader historic events of World War II and the First Indochina War---specifically, the short interwar period between end of the former and the beginning of the later—led to the context in which Nguyen Ngoc Bich fought the French colonists until he was captured. The activities directly or indirectly affected Bich's life by four historic individuals are summarized. French General de Gaulle, by his desire to reconquer Indochina as a French colony, was a main force that led to the First Indochina War, in which Bich fought. Ho Chi Minh, founder and leader of the Viet Minh, called for the general uprising---against the French colonists and the Japanese occupiers---to which Bich responded. US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt ardent anticolonialism could have prevented the two Indochina wars, and changed the course of history. US President Harry Truman was a reason that the First Indochina War is now called the "French-American" War in Vietnamese literature,[9] and through his support for the French war effort supplied napalm bombs, which Bich mentioned in his 1962 paper. The US funded more than 30% of the war cost in 1952 under US President Eisenhower, and "nearly 80%" in 1954 under Truman.N.fwc

Charles de Gaulle

Charles de Gaulle in 1942

At the beginning of World War II, in his historic four-minute call-to-arms broadcast from London on 1940 June 18, later known as L'Appel du 18 Juin in French history, the mostly then unknownN.cdg1 General de Gaulle counted on the French Empire, with Indochina as the "Pearl of the Empire", rich in rubber, tin, coal, and rice,[10]:28 to provide resources to fight the Axis, with the support of the British Empire and the powerful industry of the United States. Understanding that Indochina was under the menace of occupation by the Japanese, de Gaulle harbored the dream of wresting this colony back into the fold of the French Empire, writing in his memoirs "As I saw her move away into the mist, I swore to myself that I would one day bring her back."[10]:25

US President Truman and French General de Gaulle, White House, 1945 Aug 12.

"Within two weeks" of the death of US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 1945 Apr 12, de Gaulle pressured Harry Truman on the Indochina issue, and his government launched "an intensive propaganda effort to mold world opinion in favor of the status quo (French control) in Indochina",[11]:116 and this after having approved the Japanese occupation of Indochina since 1940 September 22.[11]:452 By the time General de GaulleN.cdg2 came to the US in 1945 Aug (inset photo) to campaign for US military aid from then US President Harry Truman, the "French had been forced to drown several Vietnamese uprisings in blood. They had seen the colonial economy completely disrupted. They had been humiliated by the Germans in Europe and incarcerated by the Japanese in Indochina. Even to begin to reassert sovereignty in Indochina, the French were forced to go hat in hand to the Americans (see inset photo, de Gaulle visited Truman), British, and Chinese."[12]:413

Emperor Bao Dai

De Gaulle was a prime mover leading to the First Indochina War in which the French-educated Bich fought on the Viet Minh side against the French colonialists. On 1945 Aug 20, just ten days before he abdicated on 1945 Aug 30,N.bda Vietnam Emperor Bao Dai sent a moving plea to de Gaulle:N.bdq

Bao Dai to de Gaulle
❝I beg you to understand that the only means of safeguarding French interests and the spiritual influence of France in Indochina is to recognize the independence of Vietnam unreservedly and to renounce any idea of reestablishing French sovereignty or rule here in any form. . . . Even if you were to reestablish the French administration here, it would not be obeyed, and each village would be a nest of resistance. . . . We would be able to understand each other so easily and become friends if you would stop hoping to become our masters again.❞
--- Bao Dai, message to de Gaulle on 1945 Aug 20[13]:xiii–xiv
OSS Maj. Archimedes Patti in Kunming, 1945 May.

Just a few days later on 1945 Aug 26 (or very shortly thereafter), Ho Chi Minh put the resistance in much stronger terms to US OSS Major Archimedes Patti, who still remembered vividly after some 35 years:N.hcm1

Ho Chi Minh to Archimedes Patti
❝If the French intended to return to Viet Nam as imperialists to exploit, to maim and kill my people, [I] could assure them and the world that Viet Nam from north to south would be reduced to ashes, even if it meant the life of every man, woman, and child, and that [my] government's policy would be one of scorched earth to the end.❞
--- Ho Chi Minh to OSS Maj. Archimedes Patti[11]:4

The Southeast Asia and Buddhism expert Paul Mus, who first met Ho Chi Minh in 1945, recounted that Ho Chi Minh said[14] then:N.ytp1

Ho Chi Minh to Paul Mus
❝I have no army, no diplomacy, no finances, no industry, no public works. All I have is hatred, and I will not disarm it until I feel I can trust you [the French].❞
--- Ho Chi Minh, according to Paul Mus, the New York Times 1969 obituary[14]

Paul Mus added "For every time Ho Chi Minh has trusted us, we betrayed him."N.ytp2

Notes

The Note link-labels, such as N.bda in superscript, are unique identifiers for the corresponding Notes, with "N" standing for "Note", followed by a period and three or four characters summarizing the Note contents, e.g., "bda" for "Bao Dai abdication," which is the title (in italics) of the Note N.bda. In front of each Note, the uparrow ↑ preceeding a Note link such as (↑ N.bda) indicates the link to jump back to the text with the link N.bda.

The target of the link (↑ N.bda) is the HTML anchor with the code <span id="Bao Dai abdication jump"></span> having the anchor name being "Bao Dai abdication jump", without an Anchor_text (or link text, or link label) inside. The code [[#Bao Dai abdication jump|N.bda]] creates the link (see Help:Link) with label "N.bda" to jump to the anchor with anchor name "Bao Dai abdication jump".

  • (↑ N.bda) Bao Dai abdication: Under the pressure of the Viet Minh,[11]:186-187 Bao Dai had decided to abdicate on 1945 Aug 24,[11]:186-187 and abdicated officially on 1945 Aug 30.[11]:220 Ho Chi Minh then appointed "Mr. Nguyen Vinh Thuy" (Bao Dai's birth name) as "Supreme Counsellor"[11]:220 of the Provisional Government of Vietnam.[11]:220

  • (↑ N.bda) Bao Dai quote: In the foreword by Devillers for Tønnesson's 2010 book Vietnam 1946.[13]:xiii-xiv

  • (↑ N.bs) Betrayal suspicion: On the betrayal suspicion, Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023, p.123, wrote: "Whether the Viet Minh had actually betrayed him to French agents is not known for certain, but Bich always suspected that this was how he had been discovered," whereas the assertion that he "was betrayed by his Communist colleagues to the French" was written in the short biography that accompanied Bich's 1962 article, as written in Honey, P.J., ed. (March 1962), "Special Issue on Vietnam", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Volume 9. See the Note on The China Quarterly.

  • (↑ N.bi) Bich's injury: A photo showing the injury mark on the forefront of Dr. Bich as a result of this "intensive and unpleasant interrogation" can be found in Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography.[8]

  • (↑ N.cdg1, N.cdg2) De Gaulle: The permanent undersecretary at the British Foreign Office knew only that de Gaulle had a 'head like a pineapple and hips like a woman's', whereas the counselor at the US embassy in Paris and most of de Gaulle compatriots never heard of him.[10]:24 By Aug 1946, de Gaulle had resigned from the presidency of the French Provisional Government on 1946 Jan 20.[15]

  • (↑ N.fa) Francophile anticolonialists: "French teachings and models over Confucian ones. Some of these teachings were, to say the least, unhelpful to the colonial enterprise. Voltaire's condemnation of tyranny, Rousseau's embrace of popular sovereignty, and Victor Hugo's advocacy of liberty and defense of workers' uprisings turned some Vietnamese into that curious creature found also elsewhere in the empire: the Francophile anticolonialist."[10]:9

  • (↑ N.fwc) French-war cost: PBS US Involvement in Vietnam Video time 0:11 to 0:32:[16] "In 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower was elected President, in part because he promised to take a tougher stance on communism. That year, American taxpayers were footing more than 30% of the bill for the French war in Vietnam (also called the "French-American" war[9]). Within two years, that number would rise to nearly 80%." To be more precise, the "U.S. aid to the French military effort mounted from $130 million in 1950 to $800 million in 1953."[17]:597 The "United States became France's largest patron, ultimately funding 78 percent of the French war effort in Indochina,"reported historian L.H.T. Nguyen based on the Vietnamese document "Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap," Hanoi: Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 1996.[18]:46

  • (↑ N.hcm1) HCM quote1: From 1945 Aug 26 to 1980, when Patti published his book.[11]:4

  • (↑ N.psq1, N.psq2) Primary sources, quotations: See primary sources, extensive notes and quotations in Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography[8] and Notes on Vietnam History.[19]

  • (↑ N.ytp1, N.ytp2) Year of the Pig: In his interview in the 1968 documentary In the Year of the Pig, at the Youtube video time 13:56, Paul Mus recounted: "Ho Chi Minh said [in 1945], 'I have no army.' That's not true now [in 1968]. 'I have no army.' 1945. 'I have no finance. I have no diplomacy. I have no public instruction. I have just hatred and I will not disarm it until you give me confidence in you.' Now this is the thing on which I would insist because it's still alive in his memory, as in mine. For every time Ho Chi Minh has trusted us, we betrayed him."

References

Marr 1984[12], Marr 2013[20]

  1. ↑ Buttinger, Joseph (1967b), Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled, Vol.2, Frederik A. Praegers, New York. Retrieved on 25 Feb 2023
  2. ↑ Nguyen-Ngoc-Bich (March 1962), "Vietnam—An Independent Viewpoint", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023, pp. 105–111. See also the contents of Volume 9, which included the articles of many well-known experts on Vietnam history and politics such as Bernard B. Fall, Hoang Van Chi, Phillipe Devillers (see, e.g., his classic 1952 book Histoire du Viet-Nam in Section References and French French Cochinchina, Ref. 40), P. J. Honey, Gerard Tongas (see, e.g, J'ai vécu dans l'Enfer Communiste au Nord Viet-Nam, Debresse, Paris, 1961, reviewed] by P. J. Honey), among others.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cooper, Chester L. (1970), The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, Dood, Mead & Company, New York. Retrieved on 7 Mar 2023
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau (2018), Le Temps des Ancêtres: Une famille vietnamienne dans sa traversée du XXe siècle, L'Harmattan, Paris, France. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023. Preface by historian Pierre Brocheux.
  5. ↑ Tran-Thi-Lien (2002), Henriette Bui: The narrative of Vietnam's first woman doctor, in Gisele Bousquet and Pierre Brocheux, Viêt Nam Exposé: French Scholarship on Twentieth-Century Vietnamese Society, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 9780472098057, DOI:10.3998/mpub.12124, at 278–309. Google Book (search for "Bui Quang Chieu Ngoc Bich"), accessed 20 May 2023.
  6. ↑ Langguth, Arthur John (2000), Our Vietnam: The war, 1954–1975, Simon & Schuster, New York. Retrieved on 14 Mar 2023
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Honey, P.J., ed. (March 1962), "Special Issue on Vietnam", The China Quarterly 9. Retrieved on 18 Feb 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Nguyen-Ngoc-Chau & Vu-Quoc-Loc (2023), Nguyen Ngoc Bich (1911–1966): A Biography, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 21 Mar 2023, CC-BY-SA 4.0. (Backup copy.) Much of the information in the present article came from this biography, which also contains many relevant and informative photos not displayed here.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lady Borton (2020), WE NEVER KNEW: Napalm use during Vietnam's French-American War, vietnamnet.vn, May 5.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Logevall, Fredrik (2012), Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam, Random House, New York. Retrieved on 12 Apr 2012, 864 pp. Winner of the 2013 Pulitzer Prize in History: "For a distinguished and appropriately documented book on the history of the United States, Ten thousand dollars ($10,000). A balanced, deeply researched history of how, as French colonial rule faltered, a succession of American leaders moved step by step down a road toward full-blown war" • Winner of the 2013 Francis Parkman Prize from the Society of American Historians • Winner of the 2013 American Library in Paris Book Award • Winner of the Council on Foreign Relations 2013 Gold Medal Arthur Ross Book Award • Finalist for the 2013 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Patti, Archimedes (1980), Why Viet Nam? Prelude to America's Albatross, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520047839
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Marr, David G. (1984), Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920-1945, University of California Press, Berkeley. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Tønnesson, Stein (2010), Vietnam 1946: How the War Began, University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Retrieved on 2024-05-05.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Dr. Paul Mus dies; a Yale professor. Southeast Asia authority also taught in France", New York Times, 16 August 1969.
  15. ↑ Charles de Gaulle (1959-1969), Former Presidents of the Republic, 15 November 2018. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2023. Internet archived on 2023.03.28.
  16. ↑ US Involvement in Indochina. Retrieved on 2023-12-09, PBS Learning Media, Illinois. Teaching video excerpt from the documentary The Vietnam War, a film by Ken Burns and Lynn Novick.
  17. ↑ Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, vol. 3, Charles Scribner's & Sons, 2002. Retrieved on 2024-05-11.
  18. ↑ The First Vietnam War: Colonial Conflict and the Cold War, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 2007.
  19. ↑ Vu Quoc Loc (2023a), Notes on Vietnam History, Internet Archive. Retrieved on 27 Jun 2023, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  20. ↑ Marr, David G. (2013), Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946), University of California Press, Berkeley.
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