George Patton

George S. Patton, Jr. (1885-1945) was a celebrated and controversial American general in World War II, famed for his successes in armored warfare against the Germans in 1944-45. His public image of tough-minded courage in battle remains fixed in the popular image of the war.

Early career

Patton was born in San Gabriel, Calif. into a wealthy family of southern origins with a strong military heritage. He attended Virginia Military Institute and the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, receiving his commission in the cavalry in 1909.

World War I

Patton served with General John J. Pershing in Mexico and accompanied him to France upon American entry into World War I in 1917. There he showed interest in the mobility and firepower of a new invention, tank, capable of crossing trenches, pushing through barbed wire, and shielding soldiers inside from machine gun bullets and (some) artillery fragments. He established a tank training school (the couterpart of a traininbg center run by Dwight D. Eisenhower in the States). Patton organized the First Tank Brigade, which he commanded in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. Wounded during the latter action, he saw no further active service in World War I.

Between the wars, Patton recognized the advantages of the tank but his superiors did not; the tank units were disbanded and he was reassigned to the cavalry.

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, as commander of the Second Armored Division and the First Armored Corps, he oversaw the training of the Armored Force. In November 1942 he led the Western Task Force in the Allied landings in North Africa; later he commanded the Second Corps in Tunisia. In July 1943 he led the newly formed U.S. Seventh Army in the attack on Sicily. His name became a byword for aggressive fighting and unexpected maneuvers. Although Patton had seen many cases of shell-shock, he was disgusted when one healthy-looking soldier was hospitalized, struck him, called him a coward, and talked of shooting him. News reporters, who admired Patton, covered up the story but the hospital doctors complained to his superior, Eisenhower. Eisenhower almost sent Patton home in disgrace and when the news broke the Army was embarrassed to be associated with brutality. Patton was made commander of a fake army operating in England that fooled the Germans into deciding the Allied invasion would come at Calais, far east of the actual landing point in Normandy. After the landings succeeded, Eisenhower gave Patton command of the Third Army, reporting to Patton's former subordinate Omar Bradley.

On August 1 his Third Army poured through the breach in the German lines made by the First Army near St. Lô. The ensuing rapid sweep through Brittany and across northern France often defied logistic difficulties, especially the constant shortage of diesel fuel for tanks and trucks. The Third Army continued to play a major role in the winter fighting, helping stem the German counteroffensive in the Ardennes called the "Battle of the Bulge.". In the final offensive Patton struck boldly and suddenly across the Rhine after a blitz encirclement of the Saar Basin and advanced across central Germany. He secretly sent a rescue mission to liberate a POW camp that contained a relative of his; the raid was a total failure.

He attained four-star rank shortly before the end of the war. He died Dec. 21, 1945, after an automobile accident, and was buried in the U.S. military cemetery at Hamm, Luxembourg.

Patton's fame derives primarily from his record as an outstanding practitioner of mobile armored warfare. Quick-tempered and bluff in speech, he was frequently involved in political controversy, not least because of his propensity to racist and anti-Semitic remarks. He was nicknamed "Old Blood and Guts" by his men, who disliked his minute attention to dress codes even in battle zones. Patton's war diary was published posthumously in 1947 under the title "War As I Knew It." Patton became famous to new generations through by the Oscar-winning 1970 movie, which sanitized it slightly. Actor George C. Scott captured Patton's mannerisms and style exactly in the movie, except for Patton's squueky high-pitched voice. The famous opening scene portrays Patton's actual speech of March 1945, sanitizing away the obscenities. Patton used harsh and foul language and castigated cowards, or "psychoneurotics," and those who used self-inflicted wounds to get out of combat. The basic message was "shoot and keep shooting."

Bibliography

• Axelrod, Alan. Patton: A Biography. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 205 pp.
• Berragan, G. W. "Who Should Bear Primary Responsibility for the Culmination of Patton's Us Third Army on the Moselle in 1944? Are There Lessons for Contemporary Campaign Planning?" Defence Studies 2003 3(3): 161-172. Issn: 1470-2436 Fulltext in Ingenta and Ebsco.
• Martin Blumenson. The battle of the generals: the untold story of the Falaise Pocket, the campaign that should have won World War II (1993)
• Martin Blumenson. Patton: The Man Behind the Legend, 1885-1945 (1985) ISBN 0-688-06082-X
• Blumenson, Martin. The Battle of the Generals: The Untold Story of the Falaise Pocket - the Campaign That Should Have Won World War II. 1993. 288 pp.
• D'Este, Carlo. Patton: A Genius for War (1995) 978pp
• Dietrich, Steve E. "The Professional Reading of General George S. Patton, Jr." Journal of Military History 1989 53(4): 387-418. Issn: 0899-3718 Fulltext in Jstor
• Essame, H. Patton: A Study in Command. 1974. 280 pp.
• Stanley P. Hirshson. General Patton: A Soldier's Life. (2002)
• Ladislas Farago. Patton: Ordeal and Triumph.
• Pullen, John J. "'You Will Be Afraid.'" American Heritage 2005 56(3): 26-29. Issn: 0002-8738 Fulltext in Ebsco.
• Rickard, John Nelson. Patton at Bay: The Lorraine Campaign, September to December 1944. Praeger, 1999. 295 pp.
• Dennis Showalter. Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century (2005).
• Smith, David Andrew. George S. Patton: A Biography. Greenwood, 2003. 130 pp.
• Spires, David N. Patton's Air Force: Forging a Legendary Air-Ground Team. 2002. 377 pp.
• Russell F. Weigley. Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany 1944-1945 (1981)
• Wilson, Dale Eldred. `Treat 'Em Rough'! The United States Army Tank Corps in the First World War. Temple U. Press (1990). 352 pp.

Primary Sources

• George S. Patton, Jr., War As I Knew It (1947)
• Blumenson, Martin, ed. The Patton Papers. Vol. 1, 1885-1940. 1972. 996 pp.; The Patton Papers: Vol. 2, 1940-1945. 1974. 889 pp.

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