G (letter): Difference between revisions
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:''See also '''[[GH]]''''' | :''See also '''[[GH]]''''' | ||
'''g''' is pronounced in the throat, a voiced '''k''' as in '''kíng''' (compare '''gâte''' and '''Kâte'''; or it is pronounced like '''j''' in '''júg''' ('''d''' sound followed by the '''zh''' sound: [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [dʒ]). | '''g''' is pronounced in the throat, a voiced '''k''' as in '''kíng''' (compare '''gâte''' and '''Kâte'''); or it is pronounced like '''j''' in '''júg''' ('''d''' sound followed by the '''zh''' sound: [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [dʒ]). | ||
{{:English spellings/Accents}} | {{:English spellings/Accents}} | ||
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Words beginning with '''gu'''- plus a front vowel, '''e, i''' or '''y''', have the hard sound; the '''u''' is written to show this, and is itself silent: '''guîde, guínea, guéss, guést, guŷ, guílty''' (cf. hard final-sound '''g''' followed by silent -'''ue''' in '''lêague, plâgue''') - similarly, hard '''gh'''- in '''ghôst, ghoûlish, ghāstly'''. | Words beginning with '''gu'''- plus a front vowel, '''e, i''' or '''y''', have the hard sound; the '''u''' is written to show this, and is itself silent: '''guîde, guínea, guéss, guést, guŷ, guílty''' (cf. hard final-sound '''g''' followed by silent -'''ue''' in '''lêague, plâgue''') - similarly, hard '''gh'''- in '''ghôst, ghoûlish, ghāstly'''. | ||
Soft '''g''', sounding like '''j''', is found before front vowels '''e, i''' and '''y''' medially often preceded by a '''d''' following a short vowel: '''George, gín, gŷroscope, géntleman, geriátric, giráffe, Gërmany, hédge, lódge, cúdgel, brídge, egrêgious, édgy, pâge, Nîgel, wâge'''. | Soft '''g''', sounding like '''j''', is found before front vowels '''e, i''' and '''y''' medially often preceded by a '''d''' following a short vowel: '''George, gín, gŷroscope, géntleman, geriátric, giráffe, Gërmany, hédge, lódge, cúdgel, brídge, egrêgious, édgy, pâge, Nîgel, wâge'''. The '''e''' can be omitted in '''júdgment'''/'''júdgement''' and is absent from '''Wédgwood''' and '''Édgbaston''' (which begin with '''wédge''' and '''édge'''). | ||
Soft '''g''' is rarely doubled, but it is in '''exággerate''' and '''Réggie''' (cf. '''píggy''', '''Mággie''', '''Péggy''', hard '''g''' before a front vowel). | Soft '''g''' is rarely doubled, but it is in '''exággerate''' and '''Réggie''' (cf. '''píggy''', '''Mággie''', '''Péggy''', hard '''g''' before a front vowel). | ||
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'''g''' begins consonant clusters: '''glûe, ignŏre''' ('''g''' sounded, cf. '''gnôme''' ''garden'' = '''Nõme''' ''Alaska''), '''grêen'''. | '''g''' begins consonant clusters: '''glûe, ignŏre''' ('''g''' sounded, cf. '''gnôme''' ''garden'' = '''Nõme''' ''Alaska''), '''grêen'''. | ||
Although pronounced after the '''í''' in '''ignŏre''', '''g''' is often silent before '''n''' (cf. '''k''' in '''knôw''') initially: '''gnôme, gnåw''', or, more often, medially after a long vowel or diphthong: '''sîgn''' (cf. '''sígnal''', '''g''' pronounced) '''resîgn, desîgn, impûgn, dèign, rèign''' ''monarch'' (= '''râin''' ''wet''), '''campâign''', and after an unstressed vowel in '''fóreign'''; and sometimes, from French, -'''gne''': '''champâgne, colôgne'''. And there is a similar Italian '''g''' in '''laságnê''' *ləzányi. | Although pronounced after the '''í''' in '''ignŏre''', '''g''' is often silent before '''n''' (cf. '''k''' in '''knôw''') initially: '''gnôme, gnåw''', or, more often, medially after a long vowel or diphthong: '''sîgn''' (cf. '''sígnal''', '''g''' pronounced), '''condîgn, resîgn, desîgn, impûgn, dèign, rèign''' ''monarch'' (= '''râin''' ''wet''), '''campâign''', and after an unstressed vowel in '''fóreign'''; and sometimes, from French, -'''gne''': '''champâgne, colôgne, Charlemâgne'''. And there is a similar Italian '''g''' in '''laságnê''' *ləzányi. '''g''' is also silent in the name of the writer Paul '''Màgrs''' (= '''Màrs'''). | ||
'''g''' also combines to form the eccentric digraph '''[[GH|gh]]'''. | '''g''' also combines to form the eccentric digraph '''[[GH|gh]]'''. | ||
The BBC pronounces the '''ğ''' in the name of Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan as '''w'''. | The BBC pronounces the '''ğ''' in the name of Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan as '''w'''. | ||
Many speakers pronounce '''végetable''' as *véchtəbl. | |||
==Scientific uses== | ==Scientific uses== | ||
Revision as of 12:40, 16 January 2017
G, g is a letter of the Latin alphabet. It is the seventh letter of most variants, being placed after F and before H, as is the case for instance in the English alphabet. Its English name is pronounced [ˈdʒiː], like gee.
Use in English
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Use in English | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alphabetical word list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retroalphabetical list | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common misspellings |
- See also GH
g is pronounced in the throat, a voiced k as in kíng (compare gâte and Kâte); or it is pronounced like j in júg (d sound followed by the zh sound: IPA [dʒ]).
- The accents show stress and pronunciation (see English spellings): A: sát, mâde, pàrk, cāst (cást/càst), åll, ãir; E: ére, êar, vèin, fërn; I: sít, mîne, skì, bïrd; O: sóng, môde, lòve, wörd, ŏr; OO: moôn, foòt; U: sún, mûse, fùll, pürr; W: neŵ, ẁant; Y: gým, mŷ, keỳ, mÿrrh.
Like c, it has two sounds, hard before back vowels, and usually soft (= j) before front vowels. Unlike c, though, whose soft equivalent is s, and which has two hard equivalents in k and q, there is no other letter that sounds like hard g.
Hard g, the voiced k: goòd, dóg, guàrd, gúm, ágony, guést, bíg, píg, wríggle, squíggle, égg, flág, ság, Péggy, píggy, regâle.
Words beginning with gu- plus a front vowel, e, i or y, have the hard sound; the u is written to show this, and is itself silent: guîde, guínea, guéss, guést, guŷ, guílty (cf. hard final-sound g followed by silent -ue in lêague, plâgue) - similarly, hard gh- in ghôst, ghoûlish, ghāstly.
Soft g, sounding like j, is found before front vowels e, i and y medially often preceded by a d following a short vowel: George, gín, gŷroscope, géntleman, geriátric, giráffe, Gërmany, hédge, lódge, cúdgel, brídge, egrêgious, édgy, pâge, Nîgel, wâge. The e can be omitted in júdgment/júdgement and is absent from Wédgwood and Édgbaston (which begin with wédge and édge).
Soft g is rarely doubled, but it is in exággerate and Réggie (cf. píggy, Mággie, Péggy, hard g before a front vowel).
But g before e and i is hard in some words, often at the beginning: gíve, gét, gíbbon, gízzard, gíg, gíld gold (= guíld society), gíll fish (cf. soft g in gíll quarter pint = Jíll person), gíddy, begín, and beginning the last syllable in Háringèy = Hárringây.
And g before a and o is soft in a few words: gâol (alternative British spelling of jâil), margarìne (also spelt margerìne), mǒrtgagor *mǒrgajor.
g has the simple zh sound (without the usual d sound preceding it) only in the name of the former French colony Nigér (*Nìzhér). The name of the river and delta, also spelt Nîger, and the former British colony Nigêria both have the normal j (-dzh-) sound of g - and a different î sound.
g is always soft in penultimate position before e: áverage, bínge, although there is an alternative spelling of renègue, renège, keeping its hard g sound.
For a hard g before final e, a French-style ending is required, -gue, where the -ue is silent: lêague, intrìgue, plâgue, vâgue, Hâgue (similarly with -que).
Before suffixes, hard g is doubled to keep the preceding vowel short: dígging, pégging, lágging, fóggy, dóggie, dógged, béggar, rúgger, Mággie (cf. Még) and also finally in égg and in surnames: Clégg, Hógg = hóg animal, Wrágg = rág cloth, Rígg = ríg ship and before final s in Bíggs.
There is a soft g in dúngeon, *dúnjən, and díngy dirty, *dínjy; dínghy boat has the ng sound, with or without a g sound following it, depending on the speaker. Hard g is gh in spaghétti, ghôul, ghôst.
g begins consonant clusters: glûe, ignŏre (g sounded, cf. gnôme garden = Nõme Alaska), grêen.
Although pronounced after the í in ignŏre, g is often silent before n (cf. k in knôw) initially: gnôme, gnåw, or, more often, medially after a long vowel or diphthong: sîgn (cf. sígnal, g pronounced), condîgn, resîgn, desîgn, impûgn, dèign, rèign monarch (= râin wet), campâign, and after an unstressed vowel in fóreign; and sometimes, from French, -gne: champâgne, colôgne, Charlemâgne. And there is a similar Italian g in laságnê *ləzányi. g is also silent in the name of the writer Paul Màgrs (= Màrs).
g also combines to form the eccentric digraph gh.
The BBC pronounces the ğ in the name of Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan as w.
Many speakers pronounce végetable as *véchtəbl.
Scientific uses
- G prefix: giga, 109 in most uses, or 230 in computing
- G: universal gravitational constant
- g: gravitational acceleration at the Earth's surface