English irregular verbs: Difference between revisions

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Regular verbs in English have four forms:

  • the base, which is equivalent to the infinitive without 'to' and most forms of the present tense (for example, wait, to wait, I wait)
  • the -s form, which is used for the third person singular of the present tense (he waits, she waits)
  • the -ing form, used for the present participle and gerund (I'm waiting, waiting is boring; in most cases the base sheds a final e: compare sínging with síngeing)
  • the past form, which is used both for the past tense and the past participle, and which consists of adding -ed to the base, or, in the case of verbs ending in -e, -d only (I waited, she has waited)

Irregular verbs have these forms, and form the -s and -ing forms regularly: béar, béars, béaring. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly, as is the case with béar, bŏre, bŏrn (shê bŏre hím, hê was bŏrn). (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see English spellings for a table and English phonemes for the IPA. Words in italics suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between homophones.) Others have associated passive adjectives like súnken, from sínk, sánk, súnk (súnken chêeks) and as in såwn-óff shótgun and neŵ-môwn låwns, and these are included here in cases where their form is different from the past participle (regular verbs with this feature are also included). Not all the forms are in common use: for example, people are still described as being behôlden to others, but the verb itself, behóld, meaning look at, is nowadays only used poetically or in jest.

Table of irregular verbs

base past tense past participle past passive adjective
béar birth bŏre bŏrn
béar suffered, carried bŏre bŏrne
bêat bêat bêaten
begín begán begún
behóld behéld behéld behôlden
bénd bént bént
berêave berêaved berêaved beréft
besêech besŏught besŏught
bíd auction bíd bíd
bíd ask báde (= bád wrong) bídden
bînd bòund bòund
bîte bít bítten
blêed bléd bléd
bléss bléssed = bléssed = blést bléssed, pronounced *bléssíd
blôw bleŵ (= blûe colour) blôwn
breâk brôke brôken
brêed bréd bréd
bríng brŏught brŏught
buíld buílt buílt
bürn bürnt, bürned bürnt, bürned
bürst bürst bürst
buy bŏught bŏught
cāst cāst cāst
cátch (-s form cátches) cåught cåught
chîde chîded, chíd chîded chídden
choôse chôse chôsen
clêave clôve clôven cléft
clíng clúng clúng
clôthe clôthed clôthed clád
còme câme còme
cóst cóst cóst
crêep crépt crépt
cút cút cút
dêal déalt déalt
díg dúg dúg
dîve dîved (AmE also has dôve, cf. dòve bird) dîved
do (*doô; -s form dòes) díd dòne
dråw dreŵ dråwn
drêam dréamt, drêamed dréamt, drêamed
drínk dránk drúnk drúnken
drîve drôve dríven
dwéll dwélt dwélt
êat âte AmE, BrE *ét êaten
fåll féll fållen
fêed féd féd
fêel félt félt
fîght fŏught fŏught
fînd fòund fòund
flêe fléd fléd
flíng flúng flúng
flŷ (-s form flîes) fleŵ flôwn
forbéar forbŏre forbŏrne
forbíd forbáde, forbâde, forbád forbídden
forsâke forsoòk forsâken
frêeze frôze frôzen
gét gót gót BrE, AmE gótten
gíld gílded gílded gílt
gíve gâve gíven
gô (-s form gôes) wént góne
grînd gròund gròund
grôw greŵ grôwn
háng húng húng (except for hánged executed)
háve (-s form hás) hád hád
hêar hëard hëard
hêave hêaved, hôve hêaved, hôve
heŵ heŵed heŵed heŵn
hîde híd hídden
hít hít hít
hôld héld héld
hürt hürt hürt
kêep képt képt
knêel down (= Nêil person) knélt knélt (*nélt)
knôw knowledge (= nô not) kneŵ ( = neŵ fresh) knôwn
lây lâid lâid
lêad léd léd
lêan léant, lêaned léant, lêaned
lêap léapt, lêaped léapt, lêaped
lëarn lëarnt, lëarned lëarnt, lëarned
lêave léft léft
lénd lént lént
lét lét lét
lîe down lây lâin[1]
lîght lít, lîghted lít, lîghted
lose (*loôz, cf. loôse insecure *loôss) lóst lóst
mâke mâde mâde
mêan méant méant
mêet mét mét
mêet mét mét
môw môwed môwed môwn
pây pâid pâid
plêad BrE plêaded, AmE pléd BrE plêaded, AmE pléd
prècìs (*prâycêe) prècis’d (*prâycêed) prècis’d
prove (oô) proved (oô) proved (oô), prôven (or oô) prôven (or oô)
pùt pùt pùt
quít quít, quítted quít, quítted
rêad réad (= réd colour) réad
rénd rént rént
rîde rôde rídden
ríng ráng rúng
rîse rôse rísen

Notes

  1. There is also a regular verb lîe, lîed, lîed untruth