Scuticaria: Difference between revisions
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The species with wider range is ''Scuticaria steelei'' which inhabits open clearings at higher elevations of central [[Amazon]], jungles known as ''matas de terra firme'', up to eight hundred meters of altitude.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Miranda, Francisco</span>: '''Orquídeas da Amazônia Brasileira''', pp. 43. Ed. Expressão e Cultura, 1996. ISBN 8520802087</ref> Although this species occupies wide area, it is not found very often.<ref name="Freitas"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Freitas Luz, Francisco J.</span>: Orquídeas na Amazônia, pp. 59. Instituto Brasileiro de Cultura, Ed. On Line, 2001. ISBN 8520802087</ref> Another species from Amazon, however, in a much more restricted area, just in [[Guyana]], in places where the altitude is lower and the humidity is higher, is ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' var. ''dogsonii''.<ref name="Rchb"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav</span>: ''Scuticaria dogsonii'' in '''Gardeners' Chronicle vol.15''': pp.9. London, 1881.</ref> | The species with wider range is ''Scuticaria steelei'' which inhabits open clearings at higher elevations of central [[Amazon]], jungles known as ''matas de terra firme'', up to eight hundred meters of altitude.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Miranda, Francisco</span>: '''Orquídeas da Amazônia Brasileira''', pp. 43. Ed. Expressão e Cultura, 1996. ISBN 8520802087</ref> Although this species occupies wide area, it is not found very often.<ref name="Freitas"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Freitas Luz, Francisco J.</span>: Orquídeas na Amazônia, pp. 59. Instituto Brasileiro de Cultura, Ed. On Line, 2001. ISBN 8520802087</ref> Another species from Amazon, however, in a much more restricted area, just in [[Guyana]], in places where the altitude is lower and the humidity is higher, is ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' var. ''dogsonii''.<ref name="Rchb"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav</span>: ''Scuticaria dogsonii'' in '''Gardeners' Chronicle vol.15''': pp.9. London, 1881.</ref> | ||
Endemic in another area of Amazon, separated but not that far from the habitat of ''Scuticaria steelei'', on southeastern [[Ecuador]], close to the place where the [[Andes]] starts, in humid and slightly colder forests, on the mountains up to 1,300 meters of altitude, it is found ''Scuticaria salesiana''.<ref name="Dress"/> Under the same conditions but in wider areas, that encompass the southeast of Ecuador and northeast of [[Peru]], lives ''S. peruviana''.<ref name="Chris"/> All species from Amazon are always epiphytic. | Endemic in another area of Amazon, separated but not that far from the habitat of ''Scuticaria steelei'', on southeastern [[Ecuador]], close to the place where the [[Andes]] starts, in humid and slightly colder forests, on the mountains up to 1,300 meters of altitude, it is found ''Scuticaria salesiana''.<ref name="Dress"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dressler, Robert Louis</span>: ''Scuticaria salesiana'' in '''Orquideologia vol.3(2)''': pp.3. Revista de la Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideologia. Medellin, 1968.</ref> Under the same conditions but in wider areas, that encompass the southeast of Ecuador and northeast of [[Peru]], lives ''S. peruviana''.<ref name="Chris"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Bennett, David E. & Christenson, Eric</span>: ''Scuticaria peruviana'' in '''Orchid Digest 66''': pp.64. Berkeley, California, 2002.</ref> All species from Amazon are always epiphytic. | ||
The remaining species inhabit the area occupied by Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The only species that can be found widespread through several states is ''Scuticaria hadwenii'', in the humid jungles of [[Serra do Mar]] from Santa Catarina to Bahia States,<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Toscano de Brito, Antônio & Cribb, Phillip</span>: '''Orquídeas da Chapada Diamantina''', pp. 284. Ed. Nova Fronteira, 2005. ISBN 8520917828</ref> generally found living epiphytic at middle height over thick tree stems.<ref name="DM"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer</span>: '''Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas''', pp. 294. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.</ref> Other species occasionally found, although often under living litophytic over rocks and gatherings of fallen leaves in sunny areas of the mountains of [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], is ''S. strictifolia''.<ref name="Hoehne"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico Carlos</span>: ''Scuticaria'' in '''Flora Brasilica''', vol. 12-7 pp.342. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, 1953.</ref> | The remaining species inhabit the area occupied by Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The only species that can be found widespread through several states is ''Scuticaria hadwenii'', in the humid jungles of [[Serra do Mar]] from Santa Catarina to Bahia States,<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Toscano de Brito, Antônio & Cribb, Phillip</span>: '''Orquídeas da Chapada Diamantina''', pp. 284. Ed. Nova Fronteira, 2005. ISBN 8520917828</ref> generally found living epiphytic at middle height over thick tree stems.<ref name="DM"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer</span>: '''Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas''', pp. 294. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.</ref> Other species occasionally found, although often under living litophytic over rocks and gatherings of fallen leaves in sunny areas of the mountains of [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], is ''S. strictifolia''.<ref name="Hoehne"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico Carlos</span>: ''Scuticaria'' in '''Flora Brasilica''', vol. 12-7 pp.342. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, 1953.</ref> | ||
''Scuticaria irwiniana'', second and last rupicolous species, exists only on the mountains of [[Minas Gerais]] State, found in sunny or shadier places up to two thousand meters of altitude.<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Guido Pabst & Fritz Dungs</span>: '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 2''' pp. 187, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1977. ISBN 3871050107 </ref> Two are the species from [[Espírito Santo]] State, ''S. novaesii'' and ''S. kautskyi'', both endemic of restricted areas in the dry jungles of the countryside.<ref name="FB"/> The last ''Scuticaria'' species is ''S. itirapinensis'', which has been found only a couple of times in the west-central dry woods of [[São Paulo]] Sates, in an area which has been highly deforested, close to [[Itirapina]]. There are no records or reports on this species, both in nature and under culture, during the last twenty five years. It is speculated about the possibility of its extinction.<ref name="CAOB">Records of species displayed during orchid shows. Archives of Coordenadoria das Associações Orquidófilas do Brasil - CAOB. Accessed October 2008.</ref> | ''Scuticaria irwiniana'', second and last rupicolous species, exists only on the mountains of [[Minas Gerais]] State, found in sunny or shadier places up to two thousand meters of altitude.<ref name="OB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps">Guido Pabst & Fritz Dungs</span>: '''Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 2''' pp. 187, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1977. ISBN 3871050107 </ref> Two are the species from [[Espírito Santo]] State, ''S. novaesii'' and ''S. kautskyi'', both endemic of restricted areas in the dry jungles of the countryside.<ref name="FB"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Barros, Fábio & Catharino, Eduardo L.M.</span>: ''Scuticaria novaesii'', nova espécie de Orchidaceae do Brasil. '''Hoehnea vol. 9''': pp. 52-62, São Paulo, 1982.</ref> The last ''Scuticaria'' species is ''S. itirapinensis'', which has been found only a couple of times in the west-central dry woods of [[São Paulo]] Sates, in an area which has been highly deforested, close to [[Itirapina]]. There are no records or reports on this species, both in nature and under culture, during the last twenty five years. It is speculated about the possibility of its extinction.<ref name="CAOB">Records of species displayed during orchid shows. Archives of Coordenadoria das Associações Orquidófilas do Brasil - CAOB. Accessed October 2008.</ref> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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Almost one century passed before any important new information were published. In 1881 [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]] described ''Scuticaria dogsonii'', originated from Guyana,<ref name="Rchb"/> but in 1892, [[Berthold Stein]], considering that the only difference it shows from ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' is the fact it bears two flowers each inflorescence, reduced it to a variety of the later.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stein, Berthold</span>: ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' var. ''dogsonii'' in '''Orchideenbuch''', 1892.</ref> In 1903, [[Célestin Alfred Cogniaux]], when revising all orchids species from Brazil, cites two other varieties of ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' which, because just show color differences, can not be accepted as such today.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred</span>: ''Scuticaria'' in '''Flora Brasiliensis Vol.3 Part.6''': pag. 78-81. K.F.P. von Martius Ed., 1903. [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search2 Publishe on Internet.]</ref> Finally, in 1947, [[Frederico Carlos Hoehne]] described a new species, ''[[Scuticaria strictifolia]]'', yet similar to ''Scuticaria hadwenii'', although showing some slight differences on the labellum structure, besides their normally lithophytic habit and erect leaves.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico Carlos</span>: ''Scuticaria strictifolia'' in '''Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de Sao Paulo, n.s, f.n.2''', pp.88. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, 1947.</ref> | Almost one century passed before any important new information were published. In 1881 [[Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach]] described ''Scuticaria dogsonii'', originated from Guyana,<ref name="Rchb"/> but in 1892, [[Berthold Stein]], considering that the only difference it shows from ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' is the fact it bears two flowers each inflorescence, reduced it to a variety of the later.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Stein, Berthold</span>: ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' var. ''dogsonii'' in '''Orchideenbuch''', 1892.</ref> In 1903, [[Célestin Alfred Cogniaux]], when revising all orchids species from Brazil, cites two other varieties of ''Scuticaria hadwenii'' which, because just show color differences, can not be accepted as such today.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred</span>: ''Scuticaria'' in '''Flora Brasiliensis Vol.3 Part.6''': pag. 78-81. K.F.P. von Martius Ed., 1903. [http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/search2 Publishe on Internet.]</ref> Finally, in 1947, [[Frederico Carlos Hoehne]] described a new species, ''[[Scuticaria strictifolia]]'', yet similar to ''Scuticaria hadwenii'', although showing some slight differences on the labellum structure, besides their normally lithophytic habit and erect leaves.<ref><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hoehne, Frederico Carlos</span>: ''Scuticaria strictifolia'' in '''Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de Sao Paulo, n.s, f.n.2''', pp.88. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, 1947.</ref> | ||
If few species were known so far, after 1968 the number of described species triplicated. All species described during the later years are uncommon and inhabit restricted areas, some are very rare or even supposedly exctinct. In 1968 [[Robert Louis Dressler]] described ''[[Scuticaria salesiana]]'', discovered in [[Ecuador]] in an area far apart from the other ''Scuticaria'' range.<ref name="Dress"/> In 1972, [[Guido Frederico João Pabst|Guido Pabst]] described ''[[Scuticaria kautskyi]]'', found in [[Espírito Santo]] State, <ref name="SK"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pabst, Guido F.J.</span>: ''Scuticaria kautskyi'' in '''Bradea 1''': pp.169 Boletim do Herbarium Bradeanum. Rio de Janeiro, 1972.</ref> in southeast Brazil and, during the following year, published two species at once, ''[[Scuticaria itirapinensis|S. itirapinensis]]'' and ''[[Scuticaria irwiniana|S. irwiniana]]''.<ref name="SI"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pabst, Guido F.J.</span>: ''Scuticaria irwiniana'' and ''Scuticaria itirapinensis'' in '''Bradea 1''': pp.336-7 Boletim do Herbarium Bradeanum. Rio de Janeiro, 1973.</ref> In 1982, other species was discovered in Espírito Santo, ''[[Scuticaria novaesii]]''.<ref name="FB"/> The last described species was ''[[Scuticaria peruviana|S. peruviana]]'', found in [[Peru]] in 2002, in the same region of ''S. salesiana'', to which it is related.<ref name="Chris"/> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} |
Revision as of 11:03, 14 March 2009
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Scuticaria is a genus of orchid family formed by nine species of showy flowers and long cylindrical leaves. They are epiphytic, occasionally lithophytic or terrestrial, that grow pending and are cespitously, or reptant and ascending, which exist is three isolated areas of South America, in Ecuador, Amazon Forest and Serra do Mar and Serra da Mantiqueira mountains, in Brazil, both in shady and sunny places.
The genus Scuticaria has been traditionally placed close to Maxillaria but recent research shows they are more closely related to the genus Bifrenaria. Despite their interesting appearance, the are hardly seen in nature and, because they culture is complicated, they are not common in private collections and orchid shows either. No other use for these species is reported besides ornamentation. Because it is a well established genus, formed by few species that are reasonably easy to separate, there were few publications about them during the last decades.
Distribution and habit
Despite there are few species, Scuticaria inhabit varied climates, disperse in a very uneven way though all countries of South America northern to Bolivia, this excluded, and also in areas of Mata Atlântica in Brazilian Southeast. No species is common in nature, being just occasionally or even rarely found.
The species with wider range is Scuticaria steelei which inhabits open clearings at higher elevations of central Amazon, jungles known as matas de terra firme, up to eight hundred meters of altitude.[1] Although this species occupies wide area, it is not found very often.[2] Another species from Amazon, however, in a much more restricted area, just in Guyana, in places where the altitude is lower and the humidity is higher, is Scuticaria hadwenii var. dogsonii.[3]
Endemic in another area of Amazon, separated but not that far from the habitat of Scuticaria steelei, on southeastern Ecuador, close to the place where the Andes starts, in humid and slightly colder forests, on the mountains up to 1,300 meters of altitude, it is found Scuticaria salesiana.[4] Under the same conditions but in wider areas, that encompass the southeast of Ecuador and northeast of Peru, lives S. peruviana.[5] All species from Amazon are always epiphytic.
The remaining species inhabit the area occupied by Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The only species that can be found widespread through several states is Scuticaria hadwenii, in the humid jungles of Serra do Mar from Santa Catarina to Bahia States,[6] generally found living epiphytic at middle height over thick tree stems.[7] Other species occasionally found, although often under living litophytic over rocks and gatherings of fallen leaves in sunny areas of the mountains of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, is S. strictifolia.[8]
Scuticaria irwiniana, second and last rupicolous species, exists only on the mountains of Minas Gerais State, found in sunny or shadier places up to two thousand meters of altitude.[9] Two are the species from Espírito Santo State, S. novaesii and S. kautskyi, both endemic of restricted areas in the dry jungles of the countryside.[10] The last Scuticaria species is S. itirapinensis, which has been found only a couple of times in the west-central dry woods of São Paulo Sates, in an area which has been highly deforested, close to Itirapina. There are no records or reports on this species, both in nature and under culture, during the last twenty five years. It is speculated about the possibility of its extinction.[11]
Description
The species subordinated to genus Scuticaria are characterized by being plants of thick cylindrical roots covered by thick vellamen. Their stem is formed by a ordinarily short rhizome, slightly elongated in some species; and by cylindrical almost inconspicuous pseudobulbs of the same diameter or slightly thicker than the unique leaf born on their apexes, because they generally are covered by small dried scaling steaths. The leaves may be erect or pending up to one meter long. The inflorescences grow from the said steaths and almost always bear just one flower, exceptionally two in one species, and always is much longer than the pseudobulbs, bearing showy yellow, orange, purple or greenish flowers, with petals and sepals plain, stained or striped, usually by light brown but also by diverse combinations and shades of the other mentioned colors. Ordinarily the labellum presents contrasting colors, frequently with white areas.[8]
The flowers are large, wide open, and last during about two weeks.[2] They have sepals of similar sizes and form an almost invisible chin with the column foot. The petals may be similar to the sepals but smaller, or much smaller and with a much narrower base, occasionally showing different patterns or colors. The labellum articulates with the column, is trilobed, with comparatively small lateral lobes and larger terminal, which has variable shapes with diverse patterns and a callus under to column. The later is é semi-cylindrical, slightly arching, erect and thick, without any kind of appendix, ending in an apical anther and elongated in a small foot at the base. The flowers bear to pairs of pollinia of different sizes. The caudicle is narrow and the retinacle is small. The fruits resemble the ones of Maxillaria.[8] There are no observation records of pollinators activities but Scuticaria are supposedly pollinated by Euglossini bees.[7]
Taxonomic notes
In May of 1837, the English Botanist William Jackson Hooker received a drawing and a dried sample of a plant, sent by an orchid grower from Liverpool, together with a note explaining that the plant arrived from Demerara, in Guyana, in July of the preceding year. Hooker described this species, classifying it under the genus Maxillaria, calling it M. steelei, in homage to its discover. In his description, Hooker affirms that the plant is highly interesting and an excellent addition to the known epiphytic species because it shows cylindrical leaves almost one meter long, different from anything ever found.[12] few months later, John Lindley published again the species Hooker described, however, adding more information. Two years earlier, several plants had been sent from Demerara and Lindey reports that he had previously informally classified this species as Maxillaria flabellifera which, under this name, could be found in several orchid collection in England. Because he had not yet described this species, he accepts the priority of the name chosen by Hooker. Lindley adds, however, that he had some doubts about the classification, of a species so different from any other known so far, under the genus Maxillaria.[13]
In 1843, Lindley published a revision of a group of orchids classified as tribus Maxillaridae, then subordinated to Vandeae, a subfamily of Orchidaceae at the time. In this revision, he indicates that much work is needed till the limits between each genus within this tribus can be established and states his doubts regarding some of the new genera he was proposing, despite being very sure of other ones. Lindley suggested the division of Maxillaridae in twenty five genera, being Scuticaria one of the genera he considered well established. When describing this new genus, Lindley based on morphologic characteristics of Maxillaria steelei Hook., selected as the Type species of Scuticaria with the name Scuticaria steelei.[14] This name comes from Latin scutica, flagellum, in reference to the long cylindrical leaves that the species of this genus show, similar to the leather whips used to punish.[8]
Strangely, because he published the genus Scuticaria many years earlier, in 1851, Lindley described another species now considered part of this genus, classifying it under Bifrenaria. It is speculated that possibly because it was found in Brazil on the same area in the southeast where most of Bifrenaria were common, or because he believed that two species separated by so long distance belonged to the same genus. It was Scuticaria hadwenii.[15] Few months later, Jules Émile Planchon corrected Lindley moving it to the genus where it is subordinated today.[16] In 1851, the only two common Scuticaria species were described and the genus well established, therefore no later confusion about the classification of any species subordinated to this genus ever happened.[17]
Almost one century passed before any important new information were published. In 1881 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach described Scuticaria dogsonii, originated from Guyana,[3] but in 1892, Berthold Stein, considering that the only difference it shows from Scuticaria hadwenii is the fact it bears two flowers each inflorescence, reduced it to a variety of the later.[18] In 1903, Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, when revising all orchids species from Brazil, cites two other varieties of Scuticaria hadwenii which, because just show color differences, can not be accepted as such today.[19] Finally, in 1947, Frederico Carlos Hoehne described a new species, Scuticaria strictifolia, yet similar to Scuticaria hadwenii, although showing some slight differences on the labellum structure, besides their normally lithophytic habit and erect leaves.[20]
If few species were known so far, after 1968 the number of described species triplicated. All species described during the later years are uncommon and inhabit restricted areas, some are very rare or even supposedly exctinct. In 1968 Robert Louis Dressler described Scuticaria salesiana, discovered in Ecuador in an area far apart from the other Scuticaria range.[4] In 1972, Guido Pabst described Scuticaria kautskyi, found in Espírito Santo State, [21] in southeast Brazil and, during the following year, published two species at once, S. itirapinensis and S. irwiniana.[22] In 1982, other species was discovered in Espírito Santo, Scuticaria novaesii.[10] The last described species was S. peruviana, found in Peru in 2002, in the same region of S. salesiana, to which it is related.[5]
References
- ↑ Miranda, Francisco: Orquídeas da Amazônia Brasileira, pp. 43. Ed. Expressão e Cultura, 1996. ISBN 8520802087
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Freitas Luz, Francisco J.: Orquídeas na Amazônia, pp. 59. Instituto Brasileiro de Cultura, Ed. On Line, 2001. ISBN 8520802087
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav: Scuticaria dogsonii in Gardeners' Chronicle vol.15: pp.9. London, 1881.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dressler, Robert Louis: Scuticaria salesiana in Orquideologia vol.3(2): pp.3. Revista de la Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideologia. Medellin, 1968.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bennett, David E. & Christenson, Eric: Scuticaria peruviana in Orchid Digest 66: pp.64. Berkeley, California, 2002.
- ↑ Toscano de Brito, Antônio & Cribb, Phillip: Orquídeas da Chapada Diamantina, pp. 284. Ed. Nova Fronteira, 2005. ISBN 8520917828
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Miller, David; Richard Warren; Izabel Moura Miller & Helmut Seehawer: Serra dos Órgãos sua história e suas orquídeas, pp. 294. Rio de Janeiro, 2006.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Hoehne, Frederico Carlos: Scuticaria in Flora Brasilica, vol. 12-7 pp.342. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, 1953.
- ↑ Guido Pabst & Fritz Dungs: Orchidaceae Brasilienses vol. 2 pp. 187, Brucke-Verlag Kurt Schmersow, Hildesheim, 1977. ISBN 3871050107
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Barros, Fábio & Catharino, Eduardo L.M.: Scuticaria novaesii, nova espécie de Orchidaceae do Brasil. Hoehnea vol. 9: pp. 52-62, São Paulo, 1982.
- ↑ Records of species displayed during orchid shows. Archives of Coordenadoria das Associações Orquidófilas do Brasil - CAOB. Accessed October 2008.
- ↑ Hooker, William Jackson: Scuticaria in The Botanical magazine 64: t. 3573. Ed. William Curtis, London, 1837. Published on Internet.
- ↑ Lindley, John: Scuticaria steelei in Edward's Botanical Register Vol.2, t.1986. James Ridgway & Sons Ed. London, 1837. Published on Internet.
- ↑ Lindley, John: Scuticaria in Edward's Botanical Register Vol.29 (miscelanea), pp.14. James Ridgway & Sons Ed. London, 1843. Published on Internet.
- ↑ Lindley, John: Bifrenaria hadwenii in Paxton's Flower Garden. John Paxton Ed., London ,1851.
- ↑ Planchon, Jules Émile: Scuticaria hadwenii in Flore des Serres et des Jardins de l'Europe vol.7: pp.239. Ghent, 1852.
- ↑ R. Govaerts, M.A. Campacci (Brazil, 2005), D. Holland Baptista (Brazil, 2005), P.Cribb (K, 2003), Alex George (K, 2003), K.Kreuz (2004, Europe), J.Wood (K, 2003, Europe) (Novembro 2008). World Checklist of Orchidaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on Internet. (Accessed March 2009).
- ↑ Stein, Berthold: Scuticaria hadwenii var. dogsonii in Orchideenbuch, 1892.
- ↑ Cogniaux, Célestin Alfred: Scuticaria in Flora Brasiliensis Vol.3 Part.6: pag. 78-81. K.F.P. von Martius Ed., 1903. Publishe on Internet.
- ↑ Hoehne, Frederico Carlos: Scuticaria strictifolia in Arquivos de Botânica do Estado de Sao Paulo, n.s, f.n.2, pp.88. Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo, 1947.
- ↑ Pabst, Guido F.J.: Scuticaria kautskyi in Bradea 1: pp.169 Boletim do Herbarium Bradeanum. Rio de Janeiro, 1972.
- ↑ Pabst, Guido F.J.: Scuticaria irwiniana and Scuticaria itirapinensis in Bradea 1: pp.336-7 Boletim do Herbarium Bradeanum. Rio de Janeiro, 1973.