imported>Paul Wormer |
imported>Paul Wormer |
| (29 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| <!-- As an experiment I tried a Google translation of the German WP article. After a few hours of fixing it up I paused with it in the following state -->
| | ==Parabolic mirror== |
| | {{Image|Refl parab.png|right|350px|Fig. 2. Reflection in a parabolic mirror}} |
| | Parabolic mirrors concentrate incoming vertical light beams in their focus. We show this. |
|
| |
|
| '''Fritz Haber''' (9 December 1868, [[Breslau]] – 29 January | | Consider in figure 2 the arbitrary vertical light beam (blue, parallel to the ''y''-axis) that enters the parabola and hits it at point ''P'' = (''x''<sub>1</sub>, ''y''<sub>1</sub>). The parabola (red) has focus in point ''F''. The incoming beam is reflected at ''P'' obeying the well-known law: incidence angle is angle of reflection. The angles involved are with the line ''APT'' which is tangent to the parabola at point ''P''. It will be shown that the reflected beam passes through ''F''. |
| 1934 [[Basel]]) was a German chemist and a pioneer of [[chemical warfare]]. Haber was awarded the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] in 1918 for the synthesis of [[ammonia]] from the [[chemical element|elements]].
| |
| == Life ==
| |
| Fritz Haber was born into a Jewish family. His father ran a business for [[fabric(textiles)|fabrics]], [[paint]]s, and [[Drug (Pharmacy)|drugs]]. At Fritz's birth, serious complications occurred and his mother died three weeks later. Fritz's father never could overcome his wife's death "for which Fritz was the cause". This led in later life to tensions between father and son.
| |
|
| |
|
| Haber attended the humanistic gymnasium St. Elizabeth and took the classics (Latin and Greek) plus
| | Clearly ∠''BPT'' = ∠''QPA'' (they are vertically opposite angles). Further ∠''APQ'' = ∠''FPA'' because the triangles ''FPA'' and ''QPA'' are congruent and hence ∠''FPA'' = ∠''BPT''. |
| mathematics branch. Chemistry as an independent subject was not
| |
| provided. Fritz Haber first studied business but in 1886 he took chemistry in [[Berlin]] and at the [[University of Heidelberg | Heidelberg]]. Haber received his doctorate in 1891 under [[Carl Liebermann]] in Berlin with a thesis entitled ''On certain derivatives of [[Piperonal]] s''in organic chemistry. In 1893, he converted to the [[Protestantism|Protestant]]-Christian faith against his father's wishes. After a brief spell in industry, he became in 1894 assistant in the [[Physical Chemistry]] Institute of the [[University of Karlsruhe | Technical
| |
| University of Karlsruhe]] and there he took his habilitation's degree in 1896.
| |
|
| |
|
| Two years later in 1898, Haber published the textbook "Fundamentals of practical electrochemistry"
| | We prove the congruence of the triangles: By the definition of the parabola the line segments ''FP'' and ''QP'' are of equal length, because the length of the latter segment is the distance of ''P'' to the directrix and the length of ''FP'' is the distance of ''P'' to the focus. The point ''F'' has the coordinates (0,''f'') and the point ''Q'' has the coordinates (''x''<sub>1</sub>, −''f''). The line segment ''FQ'' has the equation |
| in Karlsruhe and was appointed extraordinary [[professor]] of [[Chemical Technology]]. In 1906 he succeeded [[Max Le Blanc]] to the chair of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Karlsruhe.
| | :<math> |
| | | \lambda\begin{pmatrix}0\\ f\end{pmatrix} + (1-\lambda)\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\ -f\end{pmatrix}, \quad 0\le\lambda\le 1. |
| From 1904 on Haber worked on the catalytic formation of ammonia. In 1905 he published his book "Thermodynamics of technical gas reactions", which treats the foundations of his subsequent thermo-chemical work. Haber applied on 13 October 1908 at the German Imperial Patent Office in Berlin for patent regarding a "method for synthetic preparation of ammonia from its elements" that was granted on the 8th of June 1911. Meanwhile, Haber had signed an employee contract with the [[BASF]] and you leave the patent to the economic recovery.<ref> Guenther
| | </math> |
| Luxbacher:''[http://www.wienerzeitung.at/Desktopdefault.aspx?TabID=3946&Alias=wzo&lexikon
| | The midpoint ''A'' of ''FQ'' has coordinates (λ = ½): |
| = Science & letter = W & cob =] 5004 Bread and explosives.''In:''EXTRA
| | :<math> |
| Lexikon, [[Wiener Zeitung ]].''</ ref>
| | \frac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix}0\\ f\end{pmatrix} + \frac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix}x_1\\ -f\end{pmatrix} = |
| | | \begin{pmatrix}\frac{1}{2} x_1\\ 0\end{pmatrix}. |
| As a result, he developed in 1909 together with [[Carl Bosch]] in the BASF, the [[Haber-Bosch process]], which was signed in 1910 for a patent. This procedure allowed for the synthetic production of ammonia as a substitute for [[saltpetre (chemical compound) | saltpetre]] to produce [[fertilizer | fertilizers]] and [[explosive]]. In 1911 Haber was appointed Director of
| | </math> |
| the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute]] for Physical Chemistry and [[Electrochemistry]] in Berlin-Dahlem and appointed 1912 to ordinary honorary professor of physical chemistry at the [[Humboldt University of Berlin | Berlin University]]. This institute is now designated as [[Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Society]] after him. Next is the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics of the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem | Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] named after
| | Hence ''A'' lies on the ''x''-axis. |
| him. Because of its role as a military researcher and consultant, he was
| | The parabola has equation, |
| assigned, previously deputy sergeant, the rank of [[Captain (officer)| captain]] granted. His experiments with [[phosgene]] and [[chlorine]] (a byproduct of the color production of the chemical industry), which - against the wishes of his first wife, [[Clara Immerwahr]] (Marriage
| | :<math> |
| 1901), who held a PhD in chemistry - was started a few weeks after the war began, made him the father of [[poison gas] weapons], which were used in the [[First World War | World War I]] from Germany. A few days after the first German use of poison gas on 22 April 1915 at
| | y = \frac{1}{4f} x^2. |
| [[Ypres]] committed suicide with his wife of Haber's service weapon. After the First World War he was due to the violation of the [[Hague Regulations]] from the [[Allied]] looking at times as a
| | </math> |
| [[war crimes]] and fled temporarily to the [[Switzerland]]. In his memoirs [[Otto Hahn reported]] on a conversation with Haber: "When I objected that this kind of warfare is contrary to the Hague Convention, he said that the French would have - albeit in poor shape, namely, gas-gun ammunition -- the beginning of this done. Too many lives are saved if the war could be completed more quickly in this way",<ref> Otto Hahn:''My Life.''Munich 1968. </ref>. From 1919, he tried vainly for six years to win from the sea [[gold]] in order to pay the [[German reparations]] too.
| | The equation of the tangent at ''P'' is |
| In April 1917 Haber had taken over the management of a ''technical committee'' pesticide, which was to deal with the disinfestation of accommodation (bed bugs and lice) and silos
| | :<math> |
| (moth). This was done with [[hydrogen cyanide]] gas, which was
| | y = y_1 + \frac{x_1}{2f} (x-x_1)\quad \hbox{with}\quad y_1 = \frac{x_1^2}{4f}. |
| produced in the so-called''procedural''tun, was by [[sodium cyanide]] and [[potassium cyanide]] placed in an open wooden vat of dilute [[sulfuric acid]]. <ref> Jürgen Kalthoff:''The dealers of Zyklon B.''Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-87975-713-5, p. 17-19. </ ref> In March 1919,
| | </math> |
| the [[German Society for Pest Control]] Founded (Degesch), whose first
| | This line intersects the ''x''-axis at ''y'' = 0, |
| line Haber, held in 1920 [[Walter Heerdt]]. | | :<math> |
| | | 0 = \frac{x_1^2}{4f} - \frac{x_1^2}{2f} + \frac{x_1}{2f} x |
| [[Ferdinand Flury]], which was like Heerdt, and [[Bruno Tesch (chemist) | Bruno Tesch]] Haber's
| | \Longrightarrow \frac{x_1}{2f} x = \frac{x_1^2}{4f} \longrightarrow x = \tfrac{1}{2}x_1. |
| former employee, developed a cyclone in 1920 and received patents for it. Cyclone A consisted of cyanide gas and the accompanying strong-smelling warning agent
| | </math> |
| [[bromoacetic acid]] <nowiki /> methyl ester,
| | The intersection of the tangent with the ''x''-axis is the point ''A'' = (½''x''<sub>1</sub>, 0) that lies on the midpoint of ''FQ''. The corresponding sides of the triangles ''FPA'' and ''QPA'' are of equal length and hence the triangles are congruent. |
| which was delivered in bottles with a pressure
| |
| atomizer nozzle. A cyclone but could not
| |
| displace the vat method, and was considered
| |
| uneconomic. <ref> Jürgen Kalthoff:''The dealers
| |
| ...''. Hamburg 1998, ISBN
| |
| 3-87975-713-5, p. 28-30. </ ref> The decisive
| |
| progress towards a safe method bound with cyanide
| |
| in the warning agent to a porous carrier material
| |
| is not under pressure and after opening the tin
| |
| slowly releases gases, succeeded Walter Heerdt, of
| |
| this procedure on 20 June 1922 for
| |
| a patent for [[Zyklon B]] ((<ref> filed for patent
| |
| | country = U.S. | V-No = 438,818 | title =
| |
| procedures for pest control | A-Date = 1922-06-20
| |
| | date = 1926 V -12-27 | inventor = Walter Heerdt
| |
| | Applicant Degesch =)) </ ref>. This procedure was used
| |
| for fumigation with [[Zyklon B]]. <ref> Jürgen
| |
| Kalthoff:''The dealers ...'' Hamburg 1998, ISBN
| |
| 3-87975-713-5, p. 234 (often suggested a direct
| |
| connection Haber with Zyklon B is not given). </ref> Fritz Haber had since the founding of the
| |
| [[IG Farben]] 1925] in their [[Board].
| |
| | |
| After the [[Nazi]] 1933 at the Kaiser Wilhelm institutes the [[Aryan paragraph]]
| |
| s penetrated and dismissed the Jewish people, which even he could not prevent Haber in May 1933
| |
| could be put into retirement. He emigrated in the late fall of 1933 after the
| |
| [[Cambridge]], where he had not yet received a professorship at the [[University of Cambridge|University]] and died shortly after 1934 on his
| |
| way through [[Basel]].
| |
| == Impact == | |
| The research results show the
| |
| Haber [[Janus | Janus-faced]] of his scientific
| |
| work: On one hand, through the development of
| |
| ammonia synthesis (to manufacture explosive) or a
| |
| technical process for the production and use of
| |
| poison gas warfare, as it has become possible on
| |
| an industrial basis. Nor would it be without these
| |
| skills, the diet of mankind today is not
| |
| possible. The world
| |
| annual production of synthesized nitrogen
| |
| fertilizer is currently more than 100 million
| |
| tons.
| |
| Without this production makes possible the
| |
| Haber-Bosch process accounted for half of the
| |
| current world population, the food base. <ref>
| |
| Joerg Albrecht:''Bread and war from the
| |
| air.''In:''[[# Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung,
| |
| Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Sunday (FAS) |
| |
| Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Sunday ]].'' 41,
| |
| 2008, p. 77 (figures from 'Nature Geosience ").</ref>
| |
| | |
| == Literature == | |
| * Joerg Albrecht:''Bread and wars from the air. In the 77th'': [[# Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung (FAS) | Frankfurter Allgemeine
| |
| Zeitung Sunday]] 41/2008, p.
| |
| * [[Adolf Henning fruit]], Joachim Zepelin:''The tragedy of the despised love .''In: Mannheimer Forum''1994/95''. Piper, Munich 1995.
| |
| * Adolf Henning Frucht:''Fritz Haber and pest control during the 1st World War II and during the inflation''. In:''Dahlem Archive discussions''. Volume 11, 2005, p. 141-158.
| |
| * ((NDB | 7 | 386 | 389 | Haber, Fritz Jacob | Erna and Johannes Jaenicke))
| |
| * Fritz Richard Stern:''Five Germany and a life: memories''. Beck, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-406-55811-5.
| |
| * Dietrich Stoltzenberg:''Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew''. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1998, ISBN 3-527-29573-9.
| |
| * Margit Szollosi-Janze:''Fritz Haber. 1868-1934. A Biography''. Beck, Munich 1998, ISBN -406-43548-3. Commonscat
| |
Parabolic mirror
PD Image Fig. 2. Reflection in a parabolic mirror
Parabolic mirrors concentrate incoming vertical light beams in their focus. We show this.
Consider in figure 2 the arbitrary vertical light beam (blue, parallel to the y-axis) that enters the parabola and hits it at point P = (x1, y1). The parabola (red) has focus in point F. The incoming beam is reflected at P obeying the well-known law: incidence angle is angle of reflection. The angles involved are with the line APT which is tangent to the parabola at point P. It will be shown that the reflected beam passes through F.
Clearly ∠BPT = ∠QPA (they are vertically opposite angles). Further ∠APQ = ∠FPA because the triangles FPA and QPA are congruent and hence ∠FPA = ∠BPT.
We prove the congruence of the triangles: By the definition of the parabola the line segments FP and QP are of equal length, because the length of the latter segment is the distance of P to the directrix and the length of FP is the distance of P to the focus. The point F has the coordinates (0,f) and the point Q has the coordinates (x1, −f). The line segment FQ has the equation
The midpoint A of FQ has coordinates (λ = ½):
Hence A lies on the x-axis.
The parabola has equation,
The equation of the tangent at P is
This line intersects the x-axis at y = 0,
The intersection of the tangent with the x-axis is the point A = (½x1, 0) that lies on the midpoint of FQ. The corresponding sides of the triangles FPA and QPA are of equal length and hence the triangles are congruent.
