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Social capital  then emerges in the form of expectations that others will reciprocate in response to co-operative initiatives; and it can spread through the community as more and more people  become aware of the advantages of cooperation.  
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==Index and Glossary==
There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles [[Economics/Related Articles|here]], and a glossary of economic terms [[Economics/Glossary|here]].


whether or not co-operation takes root will
See also the [[Politics/Index|'''index to the politics articles ''']].
depend on the pre-existing set of social and political relations in the community and on
the degree of inequality and polarization suffered by society


.
[[User:Nick_Gardner#Methodology|methodology]]
Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984).


Humans are prone to cooperate, even with strangers. Thus many people cooperate in
{|align="right" cellpadding="10" style="background-color:#FFFFCC; width:40%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 92%;"
anonymous one-shot PD games (Marwell and Ames, 1981), Marwell, G. and R.E. Ames
|"''The European Union is something ...
1981 Economist Free Ride: Does Anyone Else? Journal of Public Economicsand often vote
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights.''"
altruistically (Sears and Funk, 1990)Sears, D.O. and C.L. Funk
1990 Self Interest in Americans' Political Opinions. In Beyond Self-Interest,
edited by J.J. Mansbridge, pp. 147-170. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.. People begin contributing substantially to public
goods sectors in economic experiments (Falk, et al., this volume; Kopelman, et al.,
this volume; (Ostrom, 1998). The experimental results accord with common
experience. Most of us have travel in foreign cities, even poor foreign cities filled
with strange people for whom our possessions and spending money are worth a small
fortune, and found risk of robbery and commercial chicanery to be small.
• Cooperation is contingent on many things. Not everyone cooperates. Aid to distressed
victims increases substantially if a potential altruist’s empathy is engaged (Batson,
1991). Being able to discuss a game beforehand, and to make promises to cooperate
affects success (Dawes, et al., 1990). The size of the resource, technology for
exclusion and exploitation of the resource and similar gritty details affect whether
cooperation in commons management arises (Ostrom, 1990: 202-204).
Ostrom, E.
1990 Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective
Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
—
1998 A Behavioral Approach to the Rational Choice Theory of Collective
Action. American Political Science Review 92: 1-22. Scientific
findings again correspond well to personal experience. Sometimes we cooperate
enthusiastically, sometimes reluctantly, and sometimes not at all. People vary
considerably in their willingness to cooperate even under the same environmental
conditions.
• Institutions matter. People from different societies behave differently because their
habits have


Fehr, E. and J.-R. Tyran
:Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating  President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
1996 Institutions and Reciprocal Fairness. Nordic Journal of Political Economy (punishment)
|}
 
 
 
 
Social Capital: Explaining Its Origins and Effects on
Government Performance
CARLES BOIX AND DANIEL N. POSNER British Journal of Political Science (1998)
 
 
Ostrom, Elinor, 1990, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective
Action (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press).
 
Darwin (1874:178-
179)Darwin, C.
1874 The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New
York: American Home Library.
 
thought, competed tribe against tribe as well as individually, and that the “social and
moral faculties” evolved under the influence of group competition:
It must not be forgotten that although a high standard of morality gives but slight
or no advantage to each individual man and his children over other men of the
tribe, yet that an increase in the number of well-endowed men and an
advancement in the standard of morality will certainly give an immense
advantage to one tribe over another. A tribe including many members who, from
possessing in a high degree the spirit of patriotism, fidelity, obedience, courage,
and sympathy, were always ready to aid one another, and to sacrifice themselves
for the common good, would be victorious over most other tribes; and this would
be natural selection.
 
 
<references/>

Latest revision as of 03:28, 22 November 2023


The account of this former contributor was not re-activated after the server upgrade of March 2022.


Index and Glossary

There is an index to the topics dealt with in the economics articles here, and a glossary of economic terms here.

See also the index to the politics articles .

methodology

"The European Union is something ... 
very precious, not only for us in Europe, but also for the rest of the world. Because the European Union is, in fact, the result of a project for peace that brought together nations emerging from the ruins of the Second World War. It was the European Union that united them in peace around the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, justice, rule of law and respect for human rights."
Merci Olsson, of Nobel Med, congratulating President Barroso on the award of The Nobel Peace Prize t the European Union, 12 October 2012.
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