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| ==Yoga== | | ==Yoga== |
| In his model of the mind, Patanjali identifies an Observer as being different from The Observed Mind. [[Patanjali]] claims that the "I" (The Observed Mind, roughly akin to the Ego personality of Western psychology) of our everyday lives is different from our true self (Observer). Per the ''Yoga Sutras'', the luminous and blissfully peaceful Observer usually operates undetected in the background and normally, it can only be perceived after the human thought-stream is quietened and tamed through regular practice of yoga. | | In his model of the mind, Patanjali identifies an Observer as being different from The Observed Mind. Patanjali claims that the "I" (The Observed Mind, roughly akin to the Ego personality of Western psychology) of our everyday lives is different from our true self (Observer). Per the ''Yoga Sutras'', the luminous and blissfully peaceful Observer usually operates undetected in the background and normally, it can only be perceived after the human thought-stream is quietened and tamed through regular practice of yoga. |
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| Yoga is an idea that existed long before [[Patanjali]], and the Yoga Sutras present themselves merely as a revision of the doctrine. The philosophy of Yoga, formalized in the Yoga Sutras, is related to other schools, or darshanas, of [[Hinduism]], including Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimansa (based on the early Vedas), Vedanta (based on the last Vedas), and Sankhya. Each of these schools, born between the sixth and second centuries BCE, draws heavily from the [[Upanishads]], and shares basic notions like [[karma]], dharma (duty or morality), the cycle of rebirth, and liberation. | | Yoga is an idea that existed long before [[Patanjali]], and the Yoga Sutras present themselves merely as a revision of the doctrine. The philosophy of Yoga, formalized in the Yoga Sutras, is related to other schools, or darshanas, of [[Hinduism]], including Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimansa (based on the early Vedas), Vedanta (based on the last Vedas), and Sankhya. Each of these schools, born between the sixth and second centuries BCE, draws heavily from the [[Upanishads]], and shares basic notions like [[karma]], dharma (duty or morality), the cycle of rebirth, and liberation. |
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| ==The Chapters == | | ==The Chapters == |
| The ''Yoga Sutras'' are grouped into four books or chapters (Sanskrit ''pada''): the ''Samadhi Pada'' (the Theory of Yoga), ''Sadhana Pada'' (the Practice of Yoga), ''Vibhuti Pada'' (Attainments), and ''Kaivalya Pada'' (Emancipation). | | The ''Yoga Sutras'' are grouped into four books or chapters (Sanskrit ''pada''): |
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| ==='''I. [[Samadhi]] Pada''' (51 sutras)===
| | * ''Samadhi Pada'' (the Theory of Yoga, 51 sutras) |
| | * ''Sadhana Pada'' (the Practice of Yoga, 55 sutras) |
| | * ''Vibhuti Pada'' (Attainments, 55 sutras) |
| | * ''Kaivalya Pada'' (Emancipation, 34 or 35 sutras) |
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| ''Samadhi'' refers to a blissful state where the yogi is absorbed into the One. The author describes the theory of yoga and then the means to attaining ''samadhi''. Much of the theory presented is shared by the older [[Sankhya]] school of [[Hindu|Hinduism]] philosophy. The belief in the endless process of creation and dissolution is explained in terms of three ''gunas'', or qualities: ''sattwa'' (the essence of a form), ''tamas'' (the obstacle in a form’s realization), and ''rajas'' (the constructive force and manifest form). In equilibrium, these qualities compose a universe that exists only in potential. But when they become unbalanced (through ''mahat'', 'the great cause'), ''Prakriti'' - the elemental matter of the cosmos - becomes differentiated. This leads to a consciousness which includes five powers of perception, five organs of action, five ''tanmatras'' (the inner essences of sound, feel, sight, flavor, and odor), and the five elements (earth, water, fire, air, and ether).
| | ==Notes== |
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| In this evolved universe, [[Patanjali]] saw ''chitta'', the mind, as composed of ''manas'' (sensation), ''buddhi'' (discrimination), and ''ahamkar'' (ego). However, only the real self, the ''Atman'' (Reality) or ''Purusha'' (the cosmic soul), is conscious. The mind is merely an object of perception, seen through ''vritti'', the "thought waves" of knowledge (which arise from the interaction of the ''gunas''). There are five principal thought waves (right knowledge, wrong knowledge, verbal delusion, sleep, and memory) which are either painful (bringing greater ignorance, addiction, and bondage), or not painful. Through the discipline of practice and the discrimination of non-attachment, a person can direct their thought waves away from the objective world and desire to true self-knowledge and liberation.
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| A yogi, one who practices Yoga, engages in ''bhakti'', the purification of body, heart and mind, and the mental process of concentration, with its four stages of examination, discrimination, joyful peace, and simple awareness of individuality. Beyond this, there is only concentration without object, upon consciousness itself, for the yogi has entered into union with the ''Atman'' (which is ''Brahman''). Yoga can be considered evolution in reverse, seeking always the cause behind an appearance, until finally the original condition of ''Purusha'' is regained. This is a state of ''samadhi'', liberation from ''Prakriti'' (matter), and ''moksha'', liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. It is also a liberation from suffering (which includes any temporary moods or states, even those that might normally be considered joyful), leaving eternal bliss.
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| This book contains the most famous verses: "Atha yoga anusasanam" ("Yoga begins with discipline") and "Yogas citta vritti nirodha" ("Yoga is control of citta vrittis" - i.e., thoughts and feelings).
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| ==='''II. [[Sadhana]] Pada''' (55 sutras)=== | |
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| ''Sadhana'' is the Sanskrit word for "practice".
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| This section lists and describes the ''Sadhana'' ("practice") designed to purify the mind from false knowledge and afflictions (including attachment, aversion, egoism, love of life, and especially ignorance). The author outlines two forms of Yoga: ''kriya'' (the yoga of action) and ''[[Ashtanga|ashtanga]]'' (eight-limbed yoga).
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| ''Kriya yoga'', sometimes called ''karma yoga'', is reflected in the philosophy of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', Chapter 3, where ''Arjuna'' is encouraged to act without attachment to the results of action. The yogi must similarly take to certain restraints (non-violence, non-theft, continence, truthfulness, and non-avariciousness). It is the yoga of selfless action or as some have observed, of service.
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| ====A definition of ''ashtanga''====
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| To control the senses and the mind, the yogi must also conform to eight ''ashtanga''. ''[[ashtanga|Ashtanga]]'' yoga (also known as the Great Vows) consists of the following aspects:
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| 1. *The five ''[[Yama|yamas]]'' (abstentions; the word means "restraint"). These are also found in [[Jainism]]; [[Buddhism]] has a similarly-conceived list.
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| :(1) ''[[Ahimsa]]'' (abstention from violence, ''himsa'')
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| :(2) ''[[Satya]]'' ("truth", abstention from lying)
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| :(3) ''[[Asteya]]'' (abstention from theft)
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| :(4) ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' (abstention from sexual activity)
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| :(5) ''[[Aparigraha]]'' (abstention from possessions)
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| 2. The five ''[[Niyama|niyamas]]'' ("observances"):
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| :(1) ''[[Shaucha]]'' ("{purity")
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| :(2) ''[[Santosha]]'' ("contentment")
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| :(3) ''[[Tapas]]'' ("heat", i.e., austerities, self-mortification)
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| :(4) ''[[Svadhyaya]]'' ("self-contemplation")
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| :(5) ''[[Ishvarapranidhana]]'' "surrender to the Creator")
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| 3. ''[[Asana]]'' ("seat"). The term which is now generally translated as "physical postures" originally referring to ''seated'' postures.
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| 4. ''[[Pranayama]]'' (control of ''prana'', the vital breath or "life force")
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| 5. ''[[Pratyahara]]'' ("withdrawal" of the mind from the senses, or the senses from objects)
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| 6. ''[[Dharana]]'' (concentration, i.e., fixing the attention on a single object)
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| 7. ''[[Dhyana]]'' (meditation, or contemplation)
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| 8. ''[[Samadhi]]'' (equipoise, or trance)
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| ==='''III. [[Vibhuti]] Pada''' (55 sutras)===
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| This book describes the higher states of awareness and the techniques of yoga to attain them. Through the practice of Yoga, a person comes to possess ''samyama'', the three attainments of concentration, meditation, and samadhi. The book further describes'' Vibhuti'' ("powers" or "manifestations") that arise from the attainments, including omniscience, heightened sensation, discriminative knowledge, and perfection of the body.
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| ==='''IV. [[Kaivalya]] Pada''' (34 sutras)===
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| The final book of the Yoga Sutras describes the nature of the ''Kaivalya'' ("emancipation") attained by the yogi. While the powers described in the third book can also arise by birth, by the use of drugs, incantations, or purificatory action, only through the active process of Yoga can people realize their true self. This involves removing ignorance and destroying innate tendencies, or [[karma]], which have carried over from previous lives. (The [[karma]] of a yogi is described as neither black nor white, while those of ordinary people are either black or white, or both black and white.) The three ''gunas'' (qualities) of ''rajas'', ''tamas'', and ''sattva'' then become powerless, and the yogi achieves ''Kaivalya'', or absolute freedom within ''Purusha'' (the cosmic soul).
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| ==References==
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| * Dasgupta, S.N. ''Hindu Mysticism''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd., 1977. | | * Dasgupta, S.N. ''Hindu Mysticism''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd., 1977. |
| * Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree. ''Yoga: The Science of the Soul, Volume 1''. Rajneeshpuram, Oregon: Rajneesh Foundation International, 1976. | | * Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree. ''Yoga: The Science of the Soul, Volume 1''. Rajneeshpuram, Oregon: Rajneesh Foundation International, 1976. |
| * Dvivedi, M. N. ''The Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali'''. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1980. | | * Dvivedi, M. N. ''The Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali'''. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1980. |
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| | <references> |
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| | </references> |
The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali are a collection of Sanskrit sutras (verses) attributed to the Indian sage Patanjali around the 3rd or 2nd centuries BCE. The text is considered to be the earliest major treatment yoga as a psychological or spiritual practice, compiling and consolidating information from various ancient texts, including the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad Gita. The Yoga Sutras appear to have been compiled over many years and are short, consisting of 195 (or 196, by some sources) sutras grouped into four chapters (aka books). Some historians maintain that the final chapter was added later by someone other than Patanjali.
The Yoga Sutras state clearly that the goal of yoga is to achieve a quiet mind, leading to a feeling of bliss and peace, and that yoga allows this goal to be pursued in an organized, methodical fashion similar to the pursuit of science. The verses constitute a formula by which anyone can test the reliability of Patanjali's approach.
People later wrote extensive commentaries on each individual sutra. The first commentary is believed to have been written by Vyasa in the 6th or 7th century CE.
Yoga
In his model of the mind, Patanjali identifies an Observer as being different from The Observed Mind. Patanjali claims that the "I" (The Observed Mind, roughly akin to the Ego personality of Western psychology) of our everyday lives is different from our true self (Observer). Per the Yoga Sutras, the luminous and blissfully peaceful Observer usually operates undetected in the background and normally, it can only be perceived after the human thought-stream is quietened and tamed through regular practice of yoga.
Yoga is an idea that existed long before Patanjali, and the Yoga Sutras present themselves merely as a revision of the doctrine. The philosophy of Yoga, formalized in the Yoga Sutras, is related to other schools, or darshanas, of Hinduism, including Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimansa (based on the early Vedas), Vedanta (based on the last Vedas), and Sankhya. Each of these schools, born between the sixth and second centuries BCE, draws heavily from the Upanishads, and shares basic notions like karma, dharma (duty or morality), the cycle of rebirth, and liberation.
The Chapters
The Yoga Sutras are grouped into four books or chapters (Sanskrit pada):
- Samadhi Pada (the Theory of Yoga, 51 sutras)
- Sadhana Pada (the Practice of Yoga, 55 sutras)
- Vibhuti Pada (Attainments, 55 sutras)
- Kaivalya Pada (Emancipation, 34 or 35 sutras)
Notes
- Dasgupta, S.N. Hindu Mysticism. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd., 1977.
- Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree. Yoga: The Science of the Soul, Volume 1. Rajneeshpuram, Oregon: Rajneesh Foundation International, 1976.
- Dvivedi, M. N. The Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali'. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1980.
