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=== Some of our finest <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Approval Process|about]] ] </font> ===
<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
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:* [[:Category:Approved Articles|Approved Articles]]
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
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[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
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[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
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[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
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|<div style="background-color:lightyellow; color:darkblue; font-size:90%"><center>'''Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality.'''</center><br><center>&mdash;'''Often attributed to the Dalai Lama'''</center></div>
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<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>  
=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
</h3>
[[Image:Biological_information_flow.gif|thumb|200px|In living cells, genes are expressed via a messenger RNA (mRNA) which participates in the synthesis of [[protein]]s. In turn, the catalytic activities of proteins decide many of the properties of a cell, that is, its outward [[phenotype]].]]
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
'''[[RNA interference]] (RNAi)''' is a process that inhibits the flow of genetic information to protein synthesis, which normally proceeds from deoxyribonucleic acid ([[DNA]]) to messenger ribonucleic acid ([[mRNA]]) to proteins - a process known as [[gene expression]] (see figure, top right). mRNA, a single-stranded [[polymer]], is the key molecule whose sequence of [[nucleotide]]s transports the information encoded in DNA to regions of the cell where that DNA-genetic information is used for synthesizing [[protein]]s. Understanding that flow of information is necessary for understanding the RNAi mediated feedback loops that inhibit gene expression.
 
Specifically, RNAi is a mechanism in [[eukaryotic cells]] that is triggered when such cells are exposed to certain double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) molecules. The  process has been detected in many organisms, including animal, plant and protist cells. The distinguishing characteristic of RNAi is destruction of mRNA molecules that share at least some of the sequence characteristics of dsRNA trigger molecules to which the cells have been exposed. RNAi has important biological roles in gene regulation and in protection of organisms against genetic parasites such as [[Virus (biology)|viruses]] and [[Transposon|transposons]].
<font size=1>[[RNA interference|['''more...''']]]</font>
 
=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''[[Palatalization]]''' denotes several processes of ''[[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]]'' in [[phonetics]] and [[phonology]], by which the articulation of a [[consonant]] is changed under the influence of a preceding or following front [[vowel]] or a palatal or palatalized consonant. This is especially likely to occur with the palatal approximant [j]. As a general term, palatalization can cover various different phonetic and [[phonology|phonological]] processes such as ''phonological palatalization'', ''phonetic palatalization'', ''[[assibilation]]'', and ''[[coronalization]]''. The term 'palatalization' is sometimes used by European [[linguistics|linguists]] ([[German language|German]] ''Palatalisierung'') to refer to a type of vowel mutation more commonly referred to as ''[[i-umlaut]]'' (UK: ''i-mutation''). The [[French language|French]] term ''mouillure'' (German ''Mouillierung'') is another word for (phonemic) palatalization. 
<font size=1>[[Palatalization|['''more...''']]]</font>
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<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2024

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

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Article counts

Citable Articles (146)
Developed Articles (1,129)
Developing Articles (7,403)
Stubs (7,676)
(16,484 total articles)

To study the greatest of the scholars of the past is to enjoy intercourse with superior minds.
A.E. Housman
       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"