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|[[Image:Writeathon.png|left|40px]]<center><BIG>'''Our [[CZ:Monthly Write-a-Thon|Monthly Write-a-Thon]] is on!</BIG><br />''Wednesday, 1st April!'''''</center><br />
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=== '''Help Write Articles about our World''' ===
 
Welcome to '''Citizendium''', a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their '''real names'''.  We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject.  Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.  Read more about <big>'''[[CZ:About|who we are]]'''</big>.


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=== '''A new wiki encyclopedia project&mdash;and more!''' ===
<blockquote>
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{{Image|Water drop crop.jpg|center|300px|Each sentence you add is another drop in an expanding sea of words.}}


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=== Some of our finest <font size=1>[&nbsp;[[CZ:Approval Process|about]]&nbsp;] </font> ===
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|<div style="background-color:lightyellow; color:darkblue; font-size:90%"><!--
<center>'''"Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;Jackson Brown and H. Jackson Brown, Jr., ''Life's Little Instruction Book''</center>
<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;Father Kristoforos, '[[''Birds Without Wings'']], by [[Louis de Bernières]]</center>
<center>'''"Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;[[Benjamin Spock|Dr. Benjamin Spock (1903-1998)]]</center>
<center>'''"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
<center>'''"If you have knowledge, let others light their candles in it.'''"</center>
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<center>&mdash;[[Margaret Mead]]</center>
<center>'''"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;Father Kristoforos, [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781400079322&view=rg ''Birds Without Wings''], by [http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth2 Louis de Bernières (b. 1954)]</center> -->
<center>'''"I was brought up to believe that the only thing worth doing was to add to the sum of accurate information in the world."'''</center>
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=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
[[Image:Showy lady slipper.jpg|thumb|right|200px]]
There are tens of thousands of [[species]], [[cultivar]]s and varieties in the '''[[orchid]]''' family, the largest family of flowering plants.  The word ''orchid'' may refer to any of the botanical family Orchidaceae, or, more often among lay persons, any of thousands of [[flower]]s called "orchids".


Orchids have been cultivated for centuries.  They include rare and recent discoveries such as the tiny ''[[Tallong Midge Orchid|Genoplesium plumosum]]'', the large, showy orchids which are featured in bouquets and corsages, and 'food' orchids such as ''[[Vanilla]]''.  A few orchids have insignificant flowers but are grown for their [[leaf|foliage]].  Most orchids are [[epiphyte]] plants; they do not root in soil, and must gain all their water and nutrients from the air and rain. Orchids have evolved to make optimal use of these scarce resources. Some keep water in thickened, almost succulent stems, called pseudobulbs, others have highly porous roots covered by a spongy layer, that can absorb humidity from the air; other store water in thick leaves; and other terrestrial orchids in small root tubers. Some species go through long periods of rest when their [[metabolism]] is reduced, followed by a fast [[growth]], blooming when resources are abundant. Many species lose their leaves to avoid [[dehydration ]] during droughts, or while they are resting.
<font size=1>[[Orchid|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
{{Image|Adipocyte.png|right|250px|}}
A major breakthrough in the study of appetite regulation came in 1994 when the molecular geneticist Jeffrey Friedman discovered the adiposity signal '''[[leptin]]'''.  By studies of an inbred line of obese mice, the ''ob/ob'' mice which were thought to lack a satiety signal, Friedman and colleagues found that 'ob' codes for a gene that coded for a novel peptide hormone, which they called ''leptin'', from the Greek ‘leptos’ meaning thin. Mice deficient in this gene are morbidly obese and this obesity can be reversed by giving the mice leptin.


The leptin receptor was found in 1995 and is a member of the [[cytokine]] receptor family.
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
<p style="line-height:21px; padding-left:20px;">
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
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{{CZ:Quote}}
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Leptin is a signaling molecule secreted from [[adipocyte]] cells into the blood, and the plasma concentration of leptin is thus proportional to the total body fat mass. Leptin is transported into the brain from the blood, where it suppresses apetite by its effects on specific neurones in the brain that express leptin receptors; in particular on neurons of the [[arcuate nucleus]] and [[ventromedial nucleus]] of the [[hypothalamus]]. Leptin receptor mRNA is found primarily in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nuclei and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, regions that are known to be involved in appetite control. <font size=1>[[Leptin|['''more...''']]]</font>  
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<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>  
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
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<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2024

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.

See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

Agriculture Earth Sciences Journalism Physics
Anthropology Economics Law Politics
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New Blog Post
Why save Citizendium? My reason number 1.

Article counts

Citable Articles (146)
Developed Articles (1,129)
Developing Articles (7,403)
Stubs (7,676)
(16,484 total articles)

You teach best what you most need to learn.
— Richard Bach

       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. ↑ Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"

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