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=== A new wiki encyclopedia project&mdash;and more! ===
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=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
[[image:Benfranklin.jpg|150px|thumb|Portrait of Benjamin Franklin (circa 1785) by [[Joseph Siffred Duplessis]] ]]
'''Benjamin Franklin''' (1706-1790), known as "the First American", was an American statesman whose efforts were critical to the success of the [[American Revolution]] and the unification of the [[Thirteen Colonies|13 colonies]] into a new nation.  Serving as the American minister to France, he secured decisive military and financial support during the Revolution, while asserting the values of democracy and [[Republicanism, U.S.|republicanism]]. He assisted [[Thomas Jefferson]] in writing the [[Declaration of Independence]] in 1776 and helped legitimize the [[U.S. Constitution]] in 1787.  His effective diplomacy, creative nationalism, promotion of civic virtue and devotion to [[Republicanism, U.S.|republicanism]] earned him high rank as a Founding Father.


Franklin was also a world class scientist during the [[Enlightenment]], famed for his discoveries in [[electricity]] and his invention of the [[lightning]] rod.  He was also a noted printer and civic leader in Philadelphia.
<font size=1>[[Benjamin Franklin|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
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[[Image:Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford.jpg|left|thumb|150px|{{#ifexist:Template:Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford.jpg/credit|{{Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Colonel Benjamin Thompson, FRS, in British army uniform. Painting by Thomas Gainsborough 1783]]
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'''Count Rumford''' (born '''Benjamin Thompson''', 1753&ndash;1814) was an American born soldier, statesman, scientist, inventor and social reformer. He is most famous for his scientific work, publishing over seventy papers mostly related to [[light]], [[heat]], food, and [[cooking]].  During his time in the military, his work with cannons led him to discover that [[friction]] can generate an inexhaustible amount of heat, which challenged the [[caloric theory]] that regarded heat as a substance.
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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
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[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
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Thompson's other career achievements include attaining the rank of colonel in the British army, being elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in England in 1779, being knighted by [[King George III]] in 1781, and being ennobled to Count of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by the Duke of Bavaria in 1792.
{{-}}
<font size=1>[[Count Rumford|['''more...''']]]</font>
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<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
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<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2024

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

Agriculture Earth Sciences Journalism Physics
Anthropology Economics Law Politics
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Please help today!
Please make your donations here.
Donations go to keep our servers running. See our financial report.


New Blog Post
Why save Citizendium? My reason number 1.





















Article counts

Citable Articles (146)
Developed Articles (1,129)
Developing Articles (7,403)
Stubs (7,676)
(16,484 total articles)

Study the past if you would divine the future.
Confucius

       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"