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imported>Hayford Peirce
(oh, well, let's put an honorific on Dr. Spock, also a link to an eventual article about him)
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&nbsp;
[[Image:Water drop crop.jpg|center|thumb|300px|{{#ifexist:Template:Water drop crop.jpg/credit|{{Water drop crop.jpg/credit}}<br/>|}}Each sentence you add is another drop in an expanding sea of words.]]


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=== Some of our finest <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Approval Process|about]] ] </font> ===
[[Image:Approved.png|35px|35px|left]]
:* [[:Category:Approved Articles|Approved Articles]]
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|<div style="background-color:lightyellow; color:darkblue; font-size:90%">
<center>'''"Trust yourself. You know more than you think you do."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;[[Benjamin Spock|Dr. Benjamin Spock]]</center></div>
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=== Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''[[Speech Recognition]]''' is one of the main elements of [[natural language]] processing, or [[computer]] speech technology.  Speech is derived from sounds created by the [[human]] [[articulatory phonetics|articulatory]] organs, such as the [[vocal cords]] and the [[tongue]]. Through variable exposure to speech during infancy, a child is able to understand similar-sounding utterances from different people, perhaps due to the phonetic regularities in the [[syllable]]s they hear.  The mental capabilities of the [[brain]] helps humans achieve this remarkable capability.  So far, we have only been able to reproduce this in computers on a limited basis.
[[Image:Waveform_I_went_to_the_store_yesterday.jpg|thumb|Waveform of "I went to the store yesterday."]] [[Image:Spectrogram_I_went_to_the_store_yesterday.jpg|thumb|Spectrogram of "I went to the store yesterday."]]
== The Challenge of Speech Recognition ==
[[Writing system]]s are ancient, going back as far as the [[Sumerians]] of 6,000 years ago.  The [[phonograph]], which allowed the analog recording and playback of speech, dates to 1877.  Speech recognition had to await the development of computer, however, due to multifarious problems with the recognition of speech.


<font size=1>[[Speech Recognition|['''more...''']]]</font>


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<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
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[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing Articles]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total articles]])</small>
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=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
{{-}}
'''[[Blade Runner]]''' is an award-winning 1982 [[Science fiction|science-fiction]] film directed by [[Ridley Scott]] and starring [[Harrison Ford]], based on a 1968 novel by [[Philip K. Dick]] called ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]'' The film, with its elements of [[film noir]] and [[cyberpunk]], gained a loyal fan audience following a mixed reaction to its original release, though it did pick up several awards, including three [[BAFTA]]s in 1983, with the work of [[cinematography|cinematographer]] [[Jordan Cronenweth]] and designer [[Lawrence G. Paull]] particularly recognised. Several versions of the film exist, with the biggest differences between the original U.S. theatrical release and Ridley Scott's preferred 'Final Cut' of his work, which appeared in 2007. The plot concerns the pursuit of several [[bioengineering|bioengineered]] 'replicants' by Deckard, a police officer assigned to eliminate them in the [[dystopia]]n streets of [[Los Angeles]], 2019; it deals with themes of [[slavery]] and what it means to be [[human]].
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<font size=1>[[Blade Runner|['''more...''']]]</font>
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<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>  
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
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<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Revision as of 19:28, 18 February 2024

Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive. Read more about who we are.


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

Become a member--it's free!

Agriculture Earth Sciences Journalism Physics
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New Blog Post
Why save Citizendium? My reason number 1.





















Article counts

Citable Articles (146)
Developed Articles (1,129)
Developing Articles (7,403)
Stubs (7,676)
(16,484 total articles)

…it is what you learn by writing that gives the work its pull.
— David McCullough, from Mornings on Horseback

       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"