Goiter: Difference between revisions
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In medicine and endocrinology, goiter is "enlargement of the [[thyroid gland]] that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency ([[hypothyroidism]]), or hormone overproduction ([[hyperthyroidism]]). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic ([[goiter, endemic]])."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> | {{subpages}} | ||
In medicine and [[endocrinology]], '''goiter''' is "enlargement of the [[thyroid gland]] that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency ([[hypothyroidism]]), or hormone overproduction ([[hyperthyroidism]]). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic ([[goiter, endemic]])."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> | |||
== | ==Etiologies== | ||
[[Endemic goiter]] is a "form of iodine deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group. | [[Endemic goiter]] is a "form of iodine deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the diet contains insufficient amount of iodine."<ref>{{MeSH|Endemic goiter}}</ref> | ||
[[Graves Disease]] is a "common form of [[hyperthyroidism]] with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the [[thyroid stimulating hormone receptor]]. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of [[thyroid hormone]]s. these autoantibodies can also affect the eyes ([[Graves ophthalmopathy]]) and the skin ([[Graves dermopathy]])."<ref>{{MeSH|Graves Disease}}</ref><ref name="pmid18550875">{{cite journal |author=Brent GA |title=Clinical practice. Graves' disease |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=358|pages=2594–605 |year=2008 |pmid=18550875 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0801880 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18550875&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref> | |||
Thyroiditis such as [[Hashimoto thyroiditis]] (Hashimoto Disease) may cause goiter. Hashimoto thyroiditis is a "chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid autoantibodies; goiter; and hypothyroidism."<ref>{{MeSH|Hashimoto Diseaser}}</ref> | |||
[[Nodular goiter]] is an "enlarged thyroid gland containing multiple nodules (thyroid nodule), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid hyperplasia and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce thyrotoxicosis.<ref>{{MeSH|Nodular goiter}}</ref> | [[Nodular goiter]] is an "enlarged thyroid gland containing multiple nodules (thyroid nodule), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid hyperplasia and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce thyrotoxicosis.<ref>{{MeSH|Nodular goiter}}</ref> | ||
[[Substernal goiter]] is an "enlarged [[thyroid gland]] with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the [[sternum]]. | ===Anatomic variations=== | ||
[[Substernal goiter]] is an "enlarged [[thyroid gland]] with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the [[sternum]]. It is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. Substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the [[trachea]] leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms.<ref>{{MeSH|Substernal goiter}}</ref> | |||
[[Lingual goiter]] is "pathological enlargement of the [[lingual thyroid]], ectopic thyroid tissue at the base of the [[tongue]]. It may cause upper [[airway obstruction]]; [[dysphagia]]; or [[hypothyroidism | [[Lingual goiter]] is "pathological enlargement of the [[lingual thyroid]], ectopic thyroid tissue at the base of the [[tongue]]. It may cause upper [[airway obstruction]]; [[dysphagia]]; or [[hypothyroidism]] symptoms.<ref>{{MeSH|Lingual goiter}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/>[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:00, 22 August 2024
In medicine and endocrinology, goiter is "enlargement of the thyroid gland that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (hypothyroidism), or hormone overproduction (hyperthyroidism). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (goiter, endemic)."[1]
Etiologies
Endemic goiter is a "form of iodine deficiency disorders characterized by an enlargement of the thyroid gland in a significantly large fraction of a population group. Endemic goiter is common in mountainous and iodine-deficient areas of the world where the diet contains insufficient amount of iodine."[2]
Graves Disease is a "common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic goiter. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the thyroid gland and hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. these autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (Graves ophthalmopathy) and the skin (Graves dermopathy)."[3][4]
Thyroiditis such as Hashimoto thyroiditis (Hashimoto Disease) may cause goiter. Hashimoto thyroiditis is a "chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid autoantibodies; goiter; and hypothyroidism."[5]
Nodular goiter is an "enlarged thyroid gland containing multiple nodules (thyroid nodule), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid hyperplasia and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce thyrotoxicosis.[6]
Anatomic variations
Substernal goiter is an "enlarged thyroid gland with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the sternum. It is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. Substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the trachea leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms.[7]
Lingual goiter is "pathological enlargement of the lingual thyroid, ectopic thyroid tissue at the base of the tongue. It may cause upper airway obstruction; dysphagia; or hypothyroidism symptoms.[8]
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Goiter (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Endemic goiter (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Graves Disease (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Brent GA (2008). "Clinical practice. Graves' disease". N Engl J Med 358: 2594–605. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp0801880. PMID 18550875. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Hashimoto Diseaser (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Nodular goiter (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Substernal goiter (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Lingual goiter (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.