CZ:Biology Workgroup: Difference between revisions
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{| | {{WorkgroupTop|Biology}} | ||
==How you can help== | |||
Please participate in the [[#Naming_convention|Naming convention]]s discussion. There is an online poll [http://www.doodle.ch/participation.html?pollId=vyb92ak9gguddpvk here]. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title). See the forum thread [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,1654.msg15982.html#msg15982 here] for more details (read the whole thread for context). There is also a [http://iphylo.blogspot.com/2009/10/wikipedia-and-gregg-paradox.html comprehensive blog post on the matter]. | |||
==Proposed subgroups== | |||
The organisation we inherited from Wikipedia is subdivided into ''disciplines within biology'', however, we do not have to follow such a format. We can move forward with subgroups that seem more natural, and I imagine some subgroups will include several related disciplines. We can discuss this more on the [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,260.0.html subgroups thread], in the biology forum, as we reach a critical mass of editors and authors. | |||
Relevant lists and headers from Wikipedia are shown at the bottom of this section. Also, the list of high priority articles in the next section are currently categorized by discipline. | |||
'''' | |||
==Core articles== | |||
{{Core-articles-note}} ''Click [[CZ:Core Articles/Biology|here]] to edit this transcluded list.'' | |||
{{CZ:Core Articles/Biology}} | |||
==Articles== | |||
{{subtopics-note}} | |||
{{r|Biology}} | |||
{{:Biology/Related Articles}} | |||
| | |||
==High priority articles== | ==High priority articles== | ||
This list of articles | This list of articles is not complete but it can be used as a starting point for writing new articles or focus our efforts towards getting more articles approved. Articles in bold are regarded as a higher priority. Those struck through are considered as low priority. | ||
''' | '''Legend:''' | ||
[[Image:Level0.jpg|10px]] (Approved) | |||
[[Image:Level1.jpg|10px]] (Status 1) [[Image:Level2.jpg|10px]] (Status 2) | |||
[[Image:Level3.jpg|10px]] (Status 3) | |||
[[Image:level4.jpg|10px]] (External) | |||
{{pl|Henry's law|Example article1}} [[Image:Approval button.png|13px]] (Nominated for approval) | |||
{{pl|Merox|Example article2}} [[Image:Approval button.png|13px]] (Nominated for reapproval) | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break|width=50%}} | |||
=== Biography === | === Biography === | ||
# {{pl|Biography}} | |||
# | # '''{{pl|Charles Darwin}}''' | ||
# | # {{pl|Walter Bradford Cannon}} | ||
# | # {{pl|Francis Crick}} | ||
=== | # {{pl|Richard Dawkins}} | ||
# | # {{pl|Theodosius Dobzhansky}} | ||
## | # {{pl|R. A. Fisher}} | ||
## | # {{pl|J. B. S. Haldane}} | ||
# | # {{pl|William Harvey}} | ||
# | # {{pl|Robert Hooke}} | ||
## <strike> | # {{pl|Bernard Katz}} | ||
##<strike> | # {{pl|John Lindley}} | ||
##<strike> | # {{pl|Carolus Linnaeus}} | ||
# | # {{pl|Konrad Lorenz}} | ||
## <strike> | # {{pl|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek}} | ||
## | # {{pl|Marcello Malpighi}} | ||
# | # {{pl|Ernst Mayr}} | ||
## | # {{pl|Barbara McClintock}} | ||
# | # {{pl|Gregor Mendel}} | ||
## | # {{pl|Louis Pasteur}} | ||
### | # {{pl|Alfred Russel Wallace}} | ||
## | # {{pl|James D. Watson}} | ||
## | # {{pl|E. O. Wilson}} | ||
###<strike> | # {{pl|Sewall Wright}} | ||
## | # {{pl|Vesalius}} | ||
## | # {{pl|Rosalind Franklin}} | ||
### | |||
# | === Anatomy === | ||
## <strike> | #{{pl|Anatomy}} | ||
## <strike> | #{{pl|Histology}} | ||
# | # '''{{pl|Circulatory system}}''' | ||
## <strike> | ##''' {{pl|Blood}}''' | ||
# | ##''' {{pl|Heart}}''' | ||
# {{pl|Endocrine system}} | |||
##'''{{pl|Gland}}''' | |||
##{{pl|Immune system}} | |||
# {{pl|Gastrointestinal tract}}'' | |||
## <strike>{{pl|Large intestine}}</strike> | |||
##<strike> {{pl|Small intestine}}</strike> | |||
##<strike> {{pl|Liver}}</strike> | |||
# {{pl|Integumentary system}} | |||
## <strike>{{pl|Breast}}</strike> | |||
## '''{{pl|Skin}}''' | |||
#'''{{pl|Nervous system}}''' | |||
##''' {{pl|Brain}}''' | |||
##''' {{pl|Spinal cord}}''' | |||
##''' {{pl|Peripheral nervous system}}''' | |||
# {{pl|Sensory system}} | |||
## '''{{pl|Auditory system}}''' | |||
### '''{{pl|Ear}}''' | |||
## {{pl|Gustatory system}} | |||
## {{pl|Olfactory system}} | |||
###<strike>{{pl|Nose}}</strike> | |||
## {{pl|Somatosensory system}} | |||
## '''{{pl|Visual system}}''' | |||
###'''{{pl|Eye}}''' | |||
# {{pl|Reproductive system}} | |||
## <strike>{{pl|Penis}}</strike> | |||
## <strike>{{pl|Vagina}}</strike> | |||
# {{pl|Respiratory system}} | |||
## <strike>{{pl|Lung}}</strike> | |||
# '''{{pl|Skeleton}}''' | |||
===Biochemistry=== | |||
#{{pl|Biochemistry}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Macromolecule}}s''' | |||
##'''{{pl|Nucleic acid}}''' | |||
### '''{{pl|DNA}}''' | |||
### {{pl|RNA}} | |||
##''' {{pl|Protein}}''' | |||
### '''{{pl|Enzyme}}''' | |||
### {{pl|Amino acid}} | |||
### {{pl|Peptide}} | |||
## {{pl|Carbohydrate}} | |||
## {{pl|Lipid}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Metabolism}}''' | |||
##'''{{pl|Glycolysis}}''' | |||
###'''{{pl|NAD}}''' | |||
##'''{{pl|Krebs cycle}}''' | |||
###'''{{pl|FAD}} | |||
##'''{{pl|Electron transport chain}}''' | |||
##{{pl|Photosynthesis}} | |||
##{{pl|Cell_metabolism|Intermediary metabolism}} | |||
===Biophysics=== | |||
#{{pl|Biophysics}} | |||
#{{pl|Biofilms}} | |||
#{{pl|Biomechanics}} | |||
##{{pl|Molecular motor}} | |||
##{{pl|Muscle}} | |||
##{{pl|Organogenesis}} | |||
#{{pl|Biomineralisation}} | |||
##{{pl|Fossil}} | |||
##{{pl|Skeleton}} | |||
#{{pl|Bionics}} | |||
#{{pl|Biophysical techniques}} | |||
##{{pl|Confocal microscopy}} | |||
##{{pl|X-ray computed tomography|CT}} | |||
##{{pl|Dielectric spectroscopy}} | |||
##{{pl|ECG}} | |||
##{{pl|EEG}} | |||
##{{pl|Infrared spectroscopy}} | |||
##{{pl|MEG}} | |||
##{{pl|Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI}} | |||
##{{pl|Microscope}} | |||
##{{pl|NMR spectroscopy}} | |||
##{{pl|Optical tweezers}} | |||
##{{pl|Patch clamp}} | |||
##{{pl|Positron emission tomography|PET}} | |||
##{{pl|Transcranial magnetic stimulation|TMS}} | |||
##{{pl|Ultrasound}} | |||
##{{pl|X-ray}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Cell (biology)|Cell}}''' | |||
##'''{{pl|Cell membrane}}''' | |||
###{{pl|Ion channel}} | |||
###{{pl|Membrane potential}} | |||
###{{pl|Phospholipid}} | |||
##{{pl|Metabolism|Cell metabolism}} | |||
###{{pl|Kinetics}} | |||
###{{pl|Metabolic control theory}} | |||
##{{pl|Cell signalling}} | |||
###{{pl|Cell differentiation}} | |||
###{{pl|Immune system}} | |||
##{{pl|Cell migration}} | |||
#{{pl|Cryptobiosis}} | |||
##{{pl|Cryobiology}} | |||
###{{pl|Cryopreservation}} | |||
###{{pl|Cold hardiness}} | |||
##{{pl|Dehydration}} | |||
#{{pl|Homeostasis (biology)|Homeostasis}} | |||
#{{pl|Locomotion}} | |||
#{{pl|Radiobiology}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Signal transduction}}''' | |||
##{{pl|Cell signalling}} | |||
##{{pl|Hormone|Hormones}} | |||
##{{pl|Nervous system}} | |||
##'''{{pl|Sensory system}}''' | |||
#{{pl|Systems biology}} | |||
#{{pl|Theoretical biology}} | |||
#{{pl|Thermodynamics}} | |||
===Botany=== | |||
#{{pl|Botany}} | |||
# '''{{pl|Fungus}}''' | |||
##{{pl|Yeast}} | |||
# {{pl|Plant}} | |||
##{{pl|Angiosperm}} | |||
###{{pl|Eudicotyledon}} | |||
####'''{{pl|Arabidopsis thaliana}}''' | |||
####<strike>{{pl|Tobacco}}</strike> | |||
####<strike>{{pl|Oak}}</strike> | |||
###{{pl|Monocotyledon}} | |||
####'''{{pl|Maize}}''' | |||
####<strike>{{pl|Rice}}</strike> | |||
####<strike>{{pl|Barley}}</strike> | |||
##{{pl|Bryophyte}} | |||
###<strike>{{pl|Liverwort}}</strike> | |||
###<strike>{{pl|Moss}}</strike> | |||
##{{pl|Fern}} | |||
##{{pl|Gymnosperm}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Plant anatomy}}''' | |||
## {{pl|Leaf}} | |||
## {{pl|Flower}} | |||
###{{pl|Petal}} | |||
## {{pl|Root}} | |||
## '''{{pl|Stem}}''' | |||
## {{pl|Plant tissue}}s | |||
###<strike>{{pl|parenchyma}}</strike> | |||
###<strike>{{pl|collenchyma}}</strike> | |||
###<strike>{{pl|sclerenchyma}}</strike> | |||
###<strike>{{pl|epidermis}}</strike> | |||
####<strike>{{pl|guard cell}} </strike> | |||
####'''{{pl|stomate}} (plural: {{pl|stomata}})''' | |||
####<strike>{{pl|trichome}}</strike> | |||
####<strike>{{pl|root hair}}</strike> | |||
###'''{{pl|xylem}} article could merge together the subcategories | |||
####<strike>{{pl|vessel element}}</strike> | |||
####<strike>{{pl|tracheid}}</strike> | |||
###'''{{pl|phloem}} article could merge together the subcategories | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|sieve tube|sieve tube cell}}</strike> | |||
####<strike> {{pl|companion cell}}</strike> | |||
#{{pl|Plant physiology}} | |||
##{{pl|Dehiscence (botany)|Dehiscence}} | |||
##{{pl|Flower induction}} | |||
##{{pl|Nitrogen assimilation}} | |||
##{{pl|Plant senescence}} | |||
##{{pl|Wilting}} | |||
###{{pl|Plasmolysis}} | |||
##'''{{pl|Plant hormone}}s''' | |||
###{{pl|Abscisic acid}} | |||
###{{pl|Auxin}} | |||
###{{pl|Brassinosteroid}} | |||
###{{pl|Cytokinin}} | |||
###{{pl|Ethylene}} | |||
###{{pl|Gibberellin}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Tropism|Plant behavior}}''' | |||
##{{pl|Gravitropism}} | |||
##{{pl|Heliotropism}} | |||
##{{pl|Phototropism}} | |||
##{{pl|Thigmotropism}} | |||
{{col-break|width=50%}} | |||
===Cell biology=== | |||
#{{pl|Cell biology}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Cell (biology)|Cell}}''' | |||
#'''{{pl|Cell division}}''' | |||
#'''{{pl|Cell nucleus}}''' | |||
#{{pl|Cell wall}} | |||
#{{pl|Cell membrane}} | |||
#{{pl|Metabolism|Cell metabolism}} | |||
#{{pl|Cytoplasm}} | |||
#{{pl|Cytoskeleton}} | |||
#{{pl|Flagellum}} | |||
#{{pl|Organelle|Organelles}} | |||
##'''{{pl|Chloroplast}}''' | |||
##'''{{pl|Mitochondrion}}''' | |||
##{{pl|Endoplasmic reticulum}} | |||
##{{pl|Golgi apparatus}} | |||
##{{pl|Vacuole}} | |||
##'''{{pl|Ribosome}}''' | |||
===Developmental biology=== | |||
# {{pl|Developmental biology}} | |||
# {{pl|Cellular differentiation}} | |||
# {{pl|Stem cell}} | |||
# {{pl|Cancer}} | |||
# '''{{pl|Embryogenesis|Descriptive embryology}}''' | |||
===Ecology=== | |||
# {{pl|Ecology}} | |||
# {{pl|Habitat}} | |||
# {{pl|Population}} | |||
# {{pl|Metapopulation}} | |||
# {{pl|Community (ecology)}} | |||
# {{pl|Ecosystem}} | |||
# {{pl|Landscape}} | |||
# {{pl|Biome}} | |||
# {{pl|Species}} | |||
# {{pl|Biodiversity}} | |||
# {{pl|Biogeography}} | |||
## {{pl|Island Biogeography}} | |||
# {{pl|Biological dispersal}} | |||
# {{pl|Ecological succession}} | |||
# {{pl|Symbiosis}} | |||
# {{pl|Food web}} | |||
=== | ===Evolutionary biology=== | ||
# | #{{pl|Evolutionary biology}} | ||
# | #{{pl|Evolution}} | ||
## | ##{{pl|Evidence of evolution}} | ||
## | ##{{pl|macroevolution}} | ||
##{{pl|microevolution}} | |||
#{{pl|Natural selection}} | |||
#{{pl|Gene flow}} | |||
#{{pl|Adaptation}} | |||
#{{pl|Speciation}} | |||
#{{pl|EvoDevo}} | |||
## | |||
# | |||
# | |||
# | |||
# | |||
# | |||
=== | ===Genetics=== | ||
# | #{{pl|Genetics}} | ||
# | #'''{{pl|Classical genetics}}''' | ||
# | ##'''{{pl|Mendelian inheritance}}''' | ||
##{{pl|Mutation}} | |||
#'''{{pl|Clinical genetics}}''' | |||
##'''{{pl|Genetic counseling}}''' | |||
#{{pl|Ecological genetics}} | |||
#{{pl|Molecular genetics}} | |||
#{{pl|Population genetics}} | |||
##{{pl|selection}} | |||
##{{pl|genetic drift}} | |||
##{{pl|gene flow}} | |||
#{{pl|Quantitative genetics}} | |||
=== | ===Microbiology=== | ||
#{{pl|Microbiology}} | |||
# | # {{pl|Archaea}} | ||
# | #''' {{pl|Bacteria}}''' | ||
=== | ===Molecular biology=== | ||
# | #{{pl|Molecular biology}} | ||
# | #'''{{pl|Polymerase chain reaction}}''' | ||
# | #{{pl|Gel electrophoresis}} | ||
## | #{{pl|Southern blot}} | ||
## | #{{pl|Northern blot}} | ||
## | #{{pl|Restriction enzyme}} | ||
# | #{{pl|Western blot}} | ||
=== | |||
# | |||
# | ===Neuroscience=== | ||
# | #{{pl|Neuroscience}} | ||
=== | #'''{{pl|Behaviour}}''' | ||
# | #'''{{pl|Brain}}''' | ||
# | #'''{{pl|Spinal cord}}''' | ||
# | #'''{{pl|Intelligence}}''' | ||
# | #'''{{pl|Nervous system}}''' | ||
## | #'''{{pl|Neuron}}''' | ||
## | #'''{{pl|Neural development}}''' | ||
## | #'''{{pl|Neuroanatomy}}''' | ||
=== | #'''{{pl|Neurochemistry}}''' | ||
#'''{{pl|Synapse}}''' | |||
# | |||
# | |||
## | ===Physiology=== | ||
### | #{{pl|Physiology}} | ||
#### | # {{pl|Digestion}} | ||
#### <strike> | # {{pl|Excretion}} | ||
#### <strike> | # '''{{pl|Biological reproduction}}''' | ||
### | #'''{{pl|Hormone}}''' | ||
## | ## {{pl|Pregnancy}} | ||
### | ##'''{{pl|Asexual reproduction}}''' | ||
#### | ##''' {{pl|Sexual reproduction}}''' | ||
### | # {{pl|Respiration (physiology)}} | ||
#### <strike> | |||
### | |||
#### | ===Systems biology=== | ||
##### | |||
#### <strike> | |||
#### <strike> | ===Taxonomy=== | ||
#### <strike> | #{{pl|Taxonomy}} | ||
#### <strike> | #{{pl|Cladistics}} | ||
#### <strike> | #{{pl|Systematics}} | ||
#### | #'''{{pl|Tree of life}}''' | ||
##### | |||
##### | |||
#### <strike> | ===Virology=== | ||
#### | #{{pl|Virology}} | ||
##### | #{{pl|Bacteriophage}} | ||
#### <strike> | #{{pl|DNA virus}} | ||
#### <strike> | #'''{{pl|RNA virus}}''' | ||
#### <strike> | #{{pl|Viral disease}}s | ||
#### <strike> | ##'''{{pl|AIDS}}''' | ||
#### <strike> | ##'''{{pl|SARS}}''' | ||
### | ##{{pl| Chickenpox|Chicken Pox & Shingles (Varicella)}} | ||
#### | |||
##### | |||
###### | ===Zoology=== | ||
###### | #{{pl|Zoology}} | ||
###### | #''' {{pl|Protist}}''' | ||
###### <strike> | #''' {{pl|Animal}}''' | ||
###### <strike> | ## {{pl|Arthropod}} | ||
###### <strike> | ###''' {{pl|Insect}}''' | ||
###### <strike> | #### '''{{pl|Ant}}''' | ||
#### | #### <strike>{{pl|Bee}}</strike> | ||
# | #### '''{{pl|Beetle}}''' | ||
#### <strike>{{pl|Butterfly}}</strike> | |||
### {{pl|Arachnid}} | |||
## {{pl|Chordate}} | |||
### {{pl|Amphibian}} | |||
#### '''{{pl|Frog}}''' | |||
### {{pl|Fish}} | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Shark}}</strike> | |||
### {{pl|Mammal}} | |||
#### {{pl|Ape}} | |||
##### {{pl|Human}} | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Bat}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Bear}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Camel}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Cat}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Cattle}}</strike> | |||
####'''{{pl|Canidae|The Dog Family}}''' | |||
#####'''{{pl|Dog}}''' | |||
#####'''{{pl|Wolf}}''' | |||
#####'''{{pl|Grey Wolf}}''' | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Dolphin}}</strike> | |||
#### '''{{pl|Elephant}}''' | |||
##### '''{{pl|Mammoth}}''' | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Horse}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Sheep}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Lion}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Pig}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Whale}}</strike> | |||
### {{pl|Reptile}} | |||
#### {{pl|Dinosaur}} | |||
#####''' {{pl|Bird}}''' | |||
###### '''{{pl|Eagle}}''' | |||
###### '''{{pl|Duck}}''' | |||
###### '''{{pl|Chicken}}''' | |||
###### '''{{pl|Owl}}''' | |||
###### <strike>{{pl|Dove}}</strike> | |||
###### <strike>{{pl|Turkey}}</strike> | |||
###### <strike>{{pl|Ostrich}}</strike> | |||
###### <strike>{{pl|Penguin}}</strike> | |||
#### <strike>{{pl|Snake}}</strike> | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
==Core articles list== | |||
A list of core articles has been adapted from the high priority articles above at [[CZ:Core_Articles/Biology]]. These are articles that we deem vital to get the biology section going. Please add to and delete from that list but try to keep it focused to key articles rather than being a comprehensive collection. For a more comprehensive list see [[CZ:Biology_Workgroup/list]] or [[CZ:Biology_Workgroup/concepts]]. | |||
==Tree-of-life subgroup== | |||
A major part of the articles in the biology workgroup can be categorized under the concept of [[Tree of Life]]. All article about a species, genus or any other taxonomic level are part of this subgroup. | |||
===Naming convention=== | |||
To be decided. Online poll is [http://www.doodle.ch/participation.html?pollId=vyb92ak9gguddpvk here]. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title). See the forum thread [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,1654.msg15982.html#msg15982 here] for more details (read the whole thread for context). | |||
'''Options:''' | |||
*If page address and page title are ''not'' required to be identical | |||
** Address and title of an article could be handled independently, as [http://forum.citizendium.org/index.php/topic,1654.0.html proposed] by [[User:J. Noel Chiappa|J. Noel Chiappa]] and already done at [[Special:Wantedpages]] whose title is "Wanted pages". | |||
*If page address and page title are required to be identical | |||
:1. Only common name: "Giant Panda" | |||
::'''Example:''' The '''giant panda''' (Scientific name ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') is a species of bear... | |||
::'''Pros:''' May be more user friendly, as most users are unfamiliar with the scientific name. | |||
::'''Cons:''' Lacks consistency, as there are no common names for some organisms. Also, if a bot is eventually used to fill out taxoboxes, it requires that the scientific name always redirect to the common name, which may not always be the case. | |||
:2. Only scientific name: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca" | |||
::'''Example:''' '''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''', commonly known as the '''giant panda''', is a species of bear... | |||
::'''Pros:''' More suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Avoids confusion where a common name doesn't exactly line up with a taxonomic division. | |||
::'''Cons:''' Less user friendly – would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. | |||
:3. Both names, scientific one in parentheses: "Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)" | |||
::'''Example:''' The '''Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)''' is a species of bear... | |||
::'''Pros:''' Includes all information in title. This presentation of the information is fairly standard, so it is likely that users will recognize that the information in parentheses is the scientific name. | |||
::'''Cons:''' Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed. | |||
:4. Both names, common one in parentheses: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda)" | |||
::'''Example:''' Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) is a species of bear... | |||
::'''Pros:''' Includes all information in title. | |||
::'''Cons:''' Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed. | |||
===Taxoboxes=== | |||
Taxoboxes facilitate the navigation through the Tree-of-Life and each taxon is required to have one using the [[:Template:Taxobox]]. | |||
==Major topics from wikipedia biology portal== | ==Major topics from wikipedia biology portal== | ||
Line 329: | Line 512: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align=left valign=top| '''Other fields''' | ! align=left valign=top| '''Other fields''' | ||
| align="left" style="vertical-align: top;" | <small>[[Anatomy]] | [[astrobiology]] | [[botany]] | [[bioengineering]] | [[bioinformatics]] | [[human biology]] | [[microbiology]] | [[origin of life]] | [[paleontology]] | [[parasitology]] | | | align="left" style="vertical-align: top;" | <small>[[Anatomy]] | [[astrobiology]] | [[botany]] | [[bioengineering]] | [[bioinformatics]] | [[human biology]] | [[microbiology]] | [[origin of life]] | [[paleontology]] | [[parasitology]] | pathology | [[pharmacology]] | [[phylogenetics]] | [[physiology]] | [[marine biology]] | [[systems biology]] | [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomy]] | [[zoology]] </small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align=left valign=top| '''Classification of man''' | ! align=left valign=top| '''Classification of man''' | ||
Line 337: | Line 520: | ||
|align="left" style="vertical-align: top;" | <small> [[Natural history]] | [[History of geography|geography]] | [[History of ecology|ecology]] | [[History of molecular biology|molecular biology]] | [[History of evolutionary thought|evolutionary biology]] | [[Great Chain of Being]] </small> | |align="left" style="vertical-align: top;" | <small> [[Natural history]] | [[History of geography|geography]] | [[History of ecology|ecology]] | [[History of molecular biology|molecular biology]] | [[History of evolutionary thought|evolutionary biology]] | [[Great Chain of Being]] </small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category: | |||
==Tools== | |||
''See also [[:Category:Technical_Help]]'' | |||
*[http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Scholar/ To wikify scientific references (via Google Scholar)]. [http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Scholar/Scholar.php?hl=en&lr=&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=biology+next+mathematics&btnG=Search&intitle=&as_publication=&as_auth=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&hl=en&lr= Sample search] for "biology next mathematics". | |||
**[http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Scholar/Cite.php Universal reference formatter] from the same suite | |||
*[http://invention.swmed.edu/etblast/etblast.shtml To find related articles (in Pubmed)]. [http://invention.swmed.edu/cgi-bin/etblast/processing_etblast.pl?user-id=1212680897 Sample search] (based on the first paragraph of [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Life&oldid=100284891 Life]). The site is slow, though, and thus perhaps only of good use if you are looking for references outside your primary field of expertise. | |||
*[http://biosearch.berkeley.edu/ To find Open Access biomedical images]. [http://biosearch.berkeley.edu/index.php?q=amygdala&submit=Search&view=abstract&sortedby=rel&action=submit_search Sample search] for "amygdala" | |||
*[http://toolserver.org/~tangotango/mayflower/ Mayflower: Tool for finding things on Wikimedia] - [http://toolserver.org/~tangotango/mayflower/search.php?q=image+xenopus&t=n sample search for "image xenopus"] | |||
*[http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/top_10_ways_to_search_wikipedia.php Top 10 Ways to Search Wikipedia] - much of this is useful here, too | |||
*[http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page Biological definitions at the Biology-Online dictionary] | |||
*[http://webcitation.org/ Webcitation.org - a tool that archives webpages so that they can be cited in the form they had when visited] | |||
*[http://www.zotero.org/ Zotero (bibliographic management)] |
Latest revision as of 02:55, 9 September 2024
Workgroups are no longer used for group communications, but they still are used to group articles into fields of interest. Each article is assigned to 1-3 Workgroups via the article's Metadata. |
Biology article | All articles (1,623) | To Approve (0) | Editors: active (1) / inactive (46) and Authors: active (441) / inactive (0) |
Workgroup Discussion | |||
Recent changes | Citable Articles (25) | ||||||
Subgroups (12.5) |
Checklist-generated categories:
Subpage categories:
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Missing subpage categories:
Article statuses:
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The Biology Workgroup will organize and coordinate efforts to create and improve articles relating to Biology. If you are interested in participating, you may add yourself to Category:Biology Authors, then simply dive in and begin contributing!
Please note that information below may be out-of-date.
How you can help
Please participate in the Naming conventions discussion. There is an online poll here. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title). See the forum thread here for more details (read the whole thread for context). There is also a comprehensive blog post on the matter.
Proposed subgroups
The organisation we inherited from Wikipedia is subdivided into disciplines within biology, however, we do not have to follow such a format. We can move forward with subgroups that seem more natural, and I imagine some subgroups will include several related disciplines. We can discuss this more on the subgroups thread, in the biology forum, as we reach a critical mass of editors and authors.
Relevant lists and headers from Wikipedia are shown at the bottom of this section. Also, the list of high priority articles in the next section are currently categorized by discipline.
Core articles
Core articles are those that are as-yet unwritten and so should be prioritised. Please start articles on the topics below. Click here to edit this transcluded list.
Biochemistry
- Protein synthesis: "a certain kind of natural production (or biosynthesis) of polypeptides for protein molecules according to a nucleic acid code" [e]
- Oxidative phosphorylation: A process in which ATP is formed by coupling the transfer of electrons through a series of electron carriers to proton gradients across a biological membrane; most frequently associated mitochondria and their role in aerobic respiration. [e]
- Anaerobic respiration: Add brief definition or description
- Active site: Add brief definition or description
- ATP synthase: Add brief definition or description
- Carbohydrate: Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches that provide energy to living organisms and form an important part of the diet of most animals. [e]
- Chemiosmosis: Add brief definition or description
- Electron transport chain: (ETC) A series of biochemical reactions that couple a chemical reaction between an electron donor and an electron acceptor to the transfer of protons across a membrane. [e]
- Enzyme kinetics: The time course of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes. [e]
- Glycoprotein: "a protein with a carbohydrate (saccharide) group bonded to it" [e]
- Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Add brief definition or description
- Myosin: Add brief definition or description
- Protein phosphorylation: Add brief definition or description
- Polysaccharide: "a polymer consisting of multiple saccharide (carbohydrate or sugar) units bonded together as monomers, typically in the cyclic saccharide form" [e]
- Proteolysis: Add brief definition or description
- Receptor (biochemistry): Add brief definition or description
- Redox: See Oxidation-reduction [e]
- Substrate (biology): Add brief definition or description
- Vitamin: Add brief definition or description
Biography
Botany
- Xylem: Add brief definition or description
- Ethylene: "the simplest alkene (with one double bond), having the chemical formula C2H4" [e]
- Auxin: Add brief definition or description
- Calvin cycle: Add brief definition or description
- Cellulose: Add brief definition or description
- Chlorophyll: Add brief definition or description
- Gibberellin: Add brief definition or description
- Gravitropism: Add brief definition or description
- Phloem: Add brief definition or description
- Plasmolysis: Add brief definition or description
- Seed: Add brief definition or description
- Starch: Add brief definition or description
- Stoma: Add brief definition or description
Cell Biology
- Cell Biology: Add brief definition or description
- Phospholipid bilayer: Add brief definition or description
- Flagellum: Add brief definition or description
- Biological membrane: Add brief definition or description
- Cell wall: Add brief definition or description
- Cytoplasm: Add brief definition or description
- Cytosol: Add brief definition or description
- Endoplasmic reticulum: Add brief definition or description
- Fluid mosaic model: Add brief definition or description
- Microtubules: Add brief definition or description
- Pseudopod: Add brief definition or description
- Ribosome: Add brief definition or description
- Vacuole: Add brief definition or description
- Vesicle (biology): Add brief definition or description
Developmental Biology
- Developmental Biology: Add brief definition or description
- Calcium wave: Add brief definition or description
- Zygote: Add brief definition or description
Ecology
- Chemoautotrophic: Add brief definition or description
- Parasitism: Add brief definition or description
- Carbon cycle: Add brief definition or description
- Ecological niche: Add brief definition or description
- Fundamental niche: Add brief definition or description
- Growth curve: Add brief definition or description
- Herbivore: Add brief definition or description
- Hibernation: Add brief definition or description
- Insectivores: Add brief definition or description
- Invasive species: Add brief definition or description
- Predation: Add brief definition or description
Evolution
- Microevolution: Add brief definition or description
- Speciation: Add brief definition or description
- Phylogeny: Add brief definition or description
- Endosymbiosis: Add brief definition or description
- Convergent evolution: Add brief definition or description
- Evolutionary tree: Add brief definition or description
- Genetic drift: Add brief definition or description
- Homology (biology): Add brief definition or description
- Molecular clock: Add brief definition or description
- Monophyletic: Add brief definition or description
- Muller's ratchet: Add brief definition or description
Genetics
- Chromosome: Add brief definition or description
- Mendelian inheritance: Add brief definition or description
- Acquired characteristics: Add brief definition or description
- Adaptive radiation: Add brief definition or description
- Autosome: Add brief definition or description
- Centromere: Add brief definition or description
- Chiasma: Add brief definition or description
- Chromatid: Add brief definition or description
- Chromatin: Add brief definition or description
- Codon: Add brief definition or description
- Diploid: Add brief definition or description
- Double helix: Add brief definition or description
- Exon: Add brief definition or description
- Gamete: Add brief definition or description
- Gene: Add brief definition or description
- Genetic recombination: Add brief definition or description
- Genome: Add brief definition or description
- Haploid: Add brief definition or description
- Heredity: Add brief definition or description
- Hermaphrodite: Add brief definition or description
- Heterochromatin: Add brief definition or description
- Heterozygote: Add brief definition or description
- Homozygote: Add brief definition or description
- Locus (genetics): Add brief definition or description
- Lyon hypothesis: Add brief definition or description
- Meiosis: Add brief definition or description
- Mutagen: Add brief definition or description
- Oncogene: Add brief definition or description
- Punnett square: Add brief definition or description
- Quantitative trait loci: Add brief definition or description
- Recombination: Add brief definition or description
- Sexual reproduction: Add brief definition or description
- Sister chromatid: Add brief definition or description
- Splicing (genetics): Add brief definition or description
- Telomere: Add brief definition or description
- Trait (biology): Add brief definition or description
- Wobble base pair: Add brief definition or description
- X chromosome: Add brief definition or description
- Y chromosome: Add brief definition or description
Molecular Biology
- Molecular Biology: Add brief definition or description
- Transcription (genetics): Add brief definition or description
- DNA replication: Add brief definition or description
- Enhancer: Add brief definition or description
- Homeobox: Add brief definition or description
- Lac repressor: Add brief definition or description
- Microarray: Add brief definition or description
- Non-coding RNA: Add brief definition or description
- Okazaki fragment: Add brief definition or description
- Operon: Add brief definition or description
- Plasmid: Add brief definition or description
- Promoter: Add brief definition or description
- Transcription factor: Add brief definition or description
- Transformation (genetics): Add brief definition or description
Physiology
- Circadian rhythm: Add brief definition or description
- Senescence: Add brief definition or description
- Vision: Add brief definition or description
- Systems biology: Add brief definition or description
Taxonomy
- Phylogeny: Add brief definition or description
- Amniota: Add brief definition or description
- Cyanobacteria: Add brief definition or description
- Drosophila melanogaster: Add brief definition or description
- Vertebrata: Add brief definition or description
Articles
Click on the [r] after the first definition below to edit this list of transcluded subtopics.
- Anatomy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Anthropology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Astrobiology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biochemistry [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biodiversity [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biogeography [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Bioinformatics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biomedicine [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biophysics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Botany [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Cardiotoxicity [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Cell biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chemical biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chronobiology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Computational biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Conservation biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Developmental biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ecology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Endocrinology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ethology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Evolutionary biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Geobiology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gerontology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- History of biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Human biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Immunology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Lichenology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Marine biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Medicine [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Microbiology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Molecular biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Morphology (biology) [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mycology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Neuroscience [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Palaeontology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Paleobiology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Physiology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Population biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Soil biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Structural biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Synthetic biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Systematics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Systems biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Taxonomy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Theoretical biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Virology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Zoology [r]: Add brief definition or description
History of biology
- Ecology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Evolutionary biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Geography [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Great Chain of Being [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Molecular biology [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Natural history [r]: Add brief definition or description
Techniques
- Cell culture [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Centrifugation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chromatography [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Computational morphometry [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA microarray [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA sequencing [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Dielectrophoresis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Electrorotation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Enzyme assay [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gel electrophoresis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genetic engineering [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Green fluorescent protein [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Magnetic resonance imaging [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Northern blot [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Optical Tweezers [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Patch clamp [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Polymerase chain reaction [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protein purification [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Restriction enzyme [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Scanning electron microscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Southern blot [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Transformation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Transmission electron microscopy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Two-hybrid screening [r]: Add brief definition or description
- UV Laser ablation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Vector [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Western blot [r]: Add brief definition or description
General
- Biological system [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Life [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Species [r]: Add brief definition or description
Tree of life
- Angiosperm [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Animal [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Archaea [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Bacteria [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Eukaryote [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Fungus [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Insect [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Nematode [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Phylogeny [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Plant (organism) [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Prokaryote [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protist [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Three-domain system [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Tree of life [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Virus [r]: Add brief definition or description
Classification of man
- Animal [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chordate [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Craniata [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Deuterostome [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mammal [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Primate [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Vertebrate [r]: Add brief definition or description
The cell
- Cell cycle [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Cell membrane [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Cell signaling [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Cell wall [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chloroplast [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Cytoskeleton [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Endoplasmic reticulum [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Golgi apparatus [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Metabolism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mitochondrion [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mitosis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Nucleus [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protein targeting [r]: Add brief definition or description
Ecology
- Biomass [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Extinction [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Food chain [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gaia theory [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Habitat [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Indicator species [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Species distribution [r]: Add brief definition or description
Conservation
- Allee effect [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biodiversity hotspot [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Biodiversity [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Corridor [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Edge effect [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Environmental economics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Fragmentation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- In situ - ex situ [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Invasive species [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Nature reserve [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Pollution [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Seedbank [r]: Add brief definition or description
Evolution
- Gene flow [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genetic drift [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mutation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Natural selection [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Sexual selection [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Speciation [r]: Add brief definition or description
Development
- Differentiation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Embryogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Fertilization [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gastrulation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Metamorphosis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Morphogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Neurulation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ontogeny [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Organogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Tissues [r]: Add brief definition or description
Life cycle
- Alternation of generations [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA replication [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Evolution of sex [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Meiosis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Oogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Parasitism [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ploidy [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Reproduction [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Spermatogenesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
Biochemistry
- Carbohydrate [r]: Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes sugars and starches that provide energy to living organisms and form an important part of the diet of most animals. [e]
- Citric acid cycle [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Electron transport chain [r]: (ETC) A series of biochemical reactions that couple a chemical reaction between an electron donor and an electron acceptor to the transfer of protons across a membrane. [e]
- Enzyme [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Glycolysis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Lipid [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Oxidative phosphorylation [r]: A process in which ATP is formed by coupling the transfer of electrons through a series of electron carriers to proton gradients across a biological membrane; most frequently associated mitochondria and their role in aerobic respiration. [e]
- Photosynthesis [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protein folding [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protein structure [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Protein [r]: Add brief definition or description
- RNA [r]: Add brief definition or description
Genetics
- Chromatin [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Chromosome [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Classical genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- DNA replication [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Ecological genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Epigenetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genetic fingerprint [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Recombination [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Gene [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genome [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Genotype [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Karyotype [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mendelian inheritance [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Molecular genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Mutation [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Phenotype [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Population genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Quantitative genetics [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Splicing [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Transcription [r]: Add brief definition or description
- Translation [r]: Add brief definition or description
High priority articles
This list of articles is not complete but it can be used as a starting point for writing new articles or focus our efforts towards getting more articles approved. Articles in bold are regarded as a higher priority. Those struck through are considered as low priority.
Legend:
(Approved) (Status 1) (Status 2) (Status 3) (External)
Example article1 (Nominated for approval) Example article2 (Nominated for reapproval)
Core articles list
A list of core articles has been adapted from the high priority articles above at CZ:Core_Articles/Biology. These are articles that we deem vital to get the biology section going. Please add to and delete from that list but try to keep it focused to key articles rather than being a comprehensive collection. For a more comprehensive list see CZ:Biology_Workgroup/list or CZ:Biology_Workgroup/concepts.
Tree-of-life subgroup
A major part of the articles in the biology workgroup can be categorized under the concept of Tree of Life. All article about a species, genus or any other taxonomic level are part of this subgroup.
Naming convention
To be decided. Online poll is here. Also look at the proposal from Noel of separating pagenames (i.e. location) and article names (i.e. title). See the forum thread here for more details (read the whole thread for context).
Options:
- If page address and page title are not required to be identical
- Address and title of an article could be handled independently, as proposed by J. Noel Chiappa and already done at Special:Wantedpages whose title is "Wanted pages".
- If page address and page title are required to be identical
- 1. Only common name: "Giant Panda"
- Example: The giant panda (Scientific name Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a species of bear...
- Pros: May be more user friendly, as most users are unfamiliar with the scientific name.
- Cons: Lacks consistency, as there are no common names for some organisms. Also, if a bot is eventually used to fill out taxoboxes, it requires that the scientific name always redirect to the common name, which may not always be the case.
- 2. Only scientific name: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca"
- Example: Ailuropoda melanoleuca, commonly known as the giant panda, is a species of bear...
- Pros: More suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Avoids confusion where a common name doesn't exactly line up with a taxonomic division.
- Cons: Less user friendly – would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name.
- 3. Both names, scientific one in parentheses: "Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)"
- Example: The Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a species of bear...
- Pros: Includes all information in title. This presentation of the information is fairly standard, so it is likely that users will recognize that the information in parentheses is the scientific name.
- Cons: Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed.
- 4. Both names, common one in parentheses: "Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda)"
- Example: Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda) is a species of bear...
- Pros: Includes all information in title.
- Cons: Name is long. Would require redirects from the common name, as few users know the scientific name. Poorly suited to bot farming of taxonomy. Also, the page will have to be moved if the common name OR the scientific name is changed.
Taxoboxes
Taxoboxes facilitate the navigation through the Tree-of-Life and each taxon is required to have one using the Template:Taxobox.
Major topics from wikipedia biology portal
Tools
See also Category:Technical_Help
- To wikify scientific references (via Google Scholar). Sample search for "biology next mathematics".
- Universal reference formatter from the same suite
- To find related articles (in Pubmed). Sample search (based on the first paragraph of Life). The site is slow, though, and thus perhaps only of good use if you are looking for references outside your primary field of expertise.
- To find Open Access biomedical images. Sample search for "amygdala"
- Mayflower: Tool for finding things on Wikimedia - sample search for "image xenopus"
- Top 10 Ways to Search Wikipedia - much of this is useful here, too
- Biological definitions at the Biology-Online dictionary
- Webcitation.org - a tool that archives webpages so that they can be cited in the form they had when visited
- Zotero (bibliographic management)