Recession of 2009/Addendum: Difference between revisions

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==Selected economic statistics==


==International recession and recovery by region==
===Growth rates===


===The World===
:GDP at constant market prices<br>
::% change on previous period


The [[crash of 2008]] had an adverse effect upon most of the world's economies, but in 2008 it was only the more vulnerable of the industrialised economies that seemed likely to suffer major downturns.  By the spring of 2009, however, most of the world's economies were facing severely damage. The United States and United Kingdom economies had at first suffered more seriously than most because of collapsing housing and consumer credit booms but it soon became apparent that more serious downturns were threatening the economies of Japan and Germany. Neither had experienced such booms, but both had proved to be exceptionally vulnerable to reductions in foreign demand for their exports resulting from reductions in world trade (which is estimated to have fallen by 7 per cent in the 4th quarter of 2008) - and particularly trade in capital goods. Most of the other developed economies (except Spain and Ireland) were also relatively free of such problems, but they too were damaged by loss of exports. The economies of commodity-exporting countries in Eastern Europe, the Middle East and South America suffered mainly from falls in commodity prices, and some other emerging economies were also damaged by the withdrawal of capital inflows from the developed economies.  
::{|class="wikitable"
!
!colspan = "4"|
!colspan = "4"|2007
!colspan = "4"|2008
!colspan = "4"|2009
!colspan = "4"|2010
!colspan = "4"|2011
|-
!
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
! 2009
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4  
|-
|United States
| 2.8
| 2.0
| 0.4
| -2.4
| 0.0
| 1.2
| 1.6
| 0.0
| 0.2
| 0.7
| -0.1
| -1.4
| -1.2
| -0.2
| 0.4
| 1.2
| 0.9
| 0.9
| 0.6
| 0.6
| 0.1
| 0.3
| 0.5
| 0.7
|-
|Japan
| 2.0
| 2.4
| -0.6
| -5.3
| 1.0
| -0.3
| 0.4
| 1.0
| 0.3
| -1.2
| -0.4
| -3.2
| -4.2
| 1.7
| 0.1
| 1.1
| 1.2
| 1.3
| 0.6
| -0.6
| -1.8
| -0.3
| 1.7
| -0.2
|-
|Canada
| 3.1
| 2.7
| 0.5
| -2.6
| 1.0
| 1.0
| 0.6
| 0.2
| -0.2
| 0.1
| 0.2
| 0.8
| -1.4
| -0.6
| 0.1
| 1.2
| 1.5
| 0.6
| 0.6
| 0.8
| 0.9
| -0.2
| 1.0
| 0.4
|-
|United Kingdom
| 2.8
| 3.0
| 0.7
| -4.8
| 0.8
| 0.8
| 0.6
| 0.9
| 0.3
| 0.0
| -0.7
| -1.6
| -2.3
| -0.7
| -0.3
| 0.4
| 0.4
|  1.1
|  0.7
| -0.5
|  0.2
| -0.1 
|  0.6
| -0.3
|-
|Germany
| 3.0
| 2.5
| 1.3
| -5.0
| 0.4
| 0.4
| 0.6
| 0.3
| 1.5
| -0.5
| -0.5
| -2.1
| -3.4
|  0.5
|  0.7
|  0.3
|  0.6
| 1.9
| 0.8
| 0.5
| 1.3
| 0.3
| 0.6
| -0.2
|-
|France
| 2.2
| 2.2
| 0.8
| -2.3
| 0.6
| 0.5
| 0.7
| 0.4
| 0.4
| -0.3
| 0.1
| -1.1
| -1.5
|  0.1
| 0.3
|  0.6
|  0.2
|  0.7
| 0.4
| 0.4
| 0.9
| 0.0
| 0.3
| 0.2
|-
|Italy
| 2.0
| 1.6
| -1.0
| -5.0
| 0.2
| 0.1
| 0.2
| -0.3
| 0.3
| -0.6
| -0.7
| -2.1
| -2.9
| -0.3
| 0.4
| -0.1
|  0.4
|  0.5
|  0.2
| 0.2
| 0.1
| 0.3
| -0.2
| -0.7
|}
::(Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators)


===America===
===Consumer prices===
: percentage increase on the same period of the previous year


====The United States====
:::::::{|class = "wikitable"


By early 2009, the United States economy was suffering from a severe lack of demand. Three and a half million jobs had been lost in just over a year and businesses were responding to falling demand by laying off workers or cutting back on their hours or wages, causing families to further reduce their demand and businesses to respond with yet more layoffs and cutbacks. The problem was being  made worse by the inability of the financial system  to provide the credit necessary for recovery, and the resulting "credit crunch" was causing more job losses and further declines in business activity, which, in turn, was adding more pressure on the financial system. Two and a half  million families  had faced foreclosure in the previous  year, and the reductions in personal wealth resulting from the fall in  house prices were causing further reductions in demand<ref>Based on Treasury Secretary [http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg50.htm Tim Geithner's statement] to the Senate Finance Committee  March 4 2009</ref>. Reports from the twelve Federal Reserve Districts  in March suggested  that national economic conditions deteriorated further during the reporting period of January through late February. Ten of the twelve reports indicated weaker conditions or declines in economic activity. The deterioration was broad based, with only a few sectors such as basic food production and pharmaceuticals appearing to be exceptions. Looking ahead, contacts from various districts rate the prospects for near-term improvement in economic conditions as poor, with a significant pickup not expected before late 2009 or early 2010. The availability of credit generally remained tight. Lenders continued to impose strict standards for all types of loans, with scattered reports of further tightening and particular scrutiny focused on construction projects and commercial real estate transactions.<ref>[http://www.federalreserve.gov/fomc/beigebook/2009/20090304/fullreport20090304.pdf Federal Reserve "Beige Book", March 2009]</ref>
! colspan = "3"|
! colspan = "4"| 2009
|-
!
! 2008
! 2009
! &nbsp;Mar&nbsp;
! &nbsp;Jun&nbsp;
! &nbsp;Sep&nbsp;
! &nbsp;Dec&nbsp;
|-
! United States
| align = "center"| 3.8
| align = "center"|-0.4
| align = "center"|-0.4
| align = "center"|-1.4
| align = "center"|-1.3
| align = "center"|2.7
|-
! United Kingdom
| align = "center"| 3.6
| align = "center"| 2.2
| align = "center"| 2.9
| align = "center"| 1.8
| align = "center"| 1.1
| align = "center"| 2.8
|-
! France
| align = "center"| 2.8
| align = "center"| 0.1
| align = "center"| 0.3
| align = "center"| -0.5
| align = "center"| -0.4
| align = "center"| 0.9
|-
! Germany
| align = "center"| 2.6
| align = "center"| 0.4
| align = "center"| 0.5
| align = "center"| 0.1
| align = "center"| -0.3
| align = "center"| 0.9
|-
! Italy
| align = "center"| 3.3
| align = "center"| 0.8
| align = "center"| 1.2
| align = "center"| 0.5
| align = "center"| 0.2
| align = "center"| 1.3
|-
! Japan
| align = "center"| 1.4
| align = "center"| -1.4
| align = "center"| -0.3
| align = "center"| -1.8
| align = "center"| -2.2
| align = "center"| -1.3
|-
! G7 countries
| align = "center"| 3.2
| align = "center"| -0.1
| align = "center"| -0.1
| align = "center"| -0.9
| align = "center"| -1.0
| align = "center"|  1.8
|}


====Canada====
: (Source OECD[http://www.oecd.org/document/57/0,3343,en_2649_33715_44523833_1_1_1_1,00.html] )
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>
===Unemployment rates===
: OECD harmonised rates
:: %  seasonally adjusted)


====Central and Southern America====
:::::::{|class = "wikitable"
!
!colspan = "3"|
!colspan = "4"|2009
|-
!align="center"|
!align="center"| 2007
!align="center"| 2008
!align="center"| 2009
!align="center"| &nbsp; Q1&nbsp;
!align="center"| &nbsp; Q2&nbsp;
!align="center"| &nbsp; Q3&nbsp;
!align="center"| &nbsp; Q4&nbsp;
|-
|align="center"| United States
|align="center"| 4.6
|align="center"| 5.8
|align="center"| 9.3
|align="center"| 8.2
|align="center"| 9.3
|align="center"| 9.7
|align="center"| 10.0
|-
|align="center"| United Kingdom
|align="center"| 5.3
|align="center"| 5.5
|align="center"| 7.6
|align="center"| 7.1
|align="center"| 7.7
|align="center"| 7.8
|align="center"| 7.7
|-
|align="center"|Japan
|align="center"| 3.9
|align="center"| 4.0
|align="center"| 5.1
|align="center"| 4.5
|align="center"| 5.1
|align="center"| 5.1
|align="center"| 5.2
|-
|align="center"|Germany
|align="center"| 8.4
|align="center"| 7.3
|align="center"| 7.5
|align="center"| 7.3
|align="center"| 7.6
|align="center"| 7.6
|align="center"| 7.5
|-
|align="center"|France
|align="center"| 8.3
|align="center"| 7.9
|align="center"| 9.4
|align="center"| 8.9
|align="center"| 9.3
|align="center"| 9.5
|align="center"| 10.0
|}


===Europe===
:: (Source: OECD)[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/21/44746304.pdf]
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>


====United Kingdom====
===Commodity prices===
The rapid growth of the British economy in the early years of the 21st century had been partly due to the success of its comparatively large financial sector and to the development of a  comparatively vigorous housing boom, and those factors had a strong influence upon the impact of the recession that followed the collapse of the Lehman Brothers bank in the United States. Even before that collapse, some of its banks had been forced to make large writedowns because of their involvement in the [[subprime mortgages crisis]] and there had been a run on one of them <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6996136.stm ''Rush on Northern Rock Continues'', BBC News 17 September 2007]</ref>, but the ''banking panic'' that followed the fall of Lehman Brothers, threatened the continued existence of the financial system. In October 2008  the British Government announced a £500 billion rescue scheme <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7658277.stm Rescue Plan for UK Banks Unveiled, BBC News 8 October 2008]</ref>,  including powers to take equity stakes in ailing banks and an undertaking to guarantee interbank loans. An impending collapse of the UK's financial system was averted, but the surviving banks adopted a policy  of ''deleveraging'' that resulted in a severe ''credit crunch'' followed by a general economic downturn. In the second half of 2008  gdp fell by 2.2  per cent  with falls in financial sector output and  in  housing  and commercial investment.  The effective exchange rate fell by about 20 per cent  during  2008,  but its effect was more than offset by falling overseas demand, and there was also a fall in  exports.  Early fiscal and monetary  action was taken to tackle  the growing recession . A  ''fiscal stimulus''  amounting to 1.4 per cent of GDP was introduced by  the November Pre-Budget Report, including a temporary 2.5 percentage point reduction in value-added tax and a bringing forward of £3 billion of capital investment, and by March 2009 the Bank of England  had reduced its  the bank rate  from 5% to 0.5% and begun a programme of  ''quantitative easing''.  The UK’s [[national debt]] had been  comparatively  low at the outset of the recession<ref> See paragraph 3.4 of the [[/Tutorials|tutorials subpage]]</ref>, but there has since been a  large increase in the ''budget deficit'', which is expected to rise to over 9 per cent of  gdp by the end of 2009, mainly as result of the operation of ''automatic stabilisers''.
The government's policy was endorsed by the IMF, <ref> Statement by the Deputy Managing Director of the IMF that ...''we are confident that the measures being taken... will strengthen the economy... ''[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article5627450.ece]</ref>
<ref> ''United Kingdom – 2009 Article IV Consultation, Concluding Statement of the Mission'', International Monetary Fund, May 20, 2009 [http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2009/052009a.htm]</ref>  but was attacked by domestic critics<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/conservative/georgeosborne/3275207/George-Osborne-Slash-interest-rates-to-drag-Britain-out-of-economic-nosedive.html George Osborne, as reported in the Daily Telegraph 14 December 2008]</ref> and (at first <ref> The German government subsequently introduced a larger fiscal stimulus - see paragraph 3.3 of the [[/Tutorials|tutorials subpage]]</ref>) by members of other European governments
<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7776718.stm ''Germany Questions UK Rescue Plan'',  BBC News 11th December 2008]</ref>. The reduction of value-added tax appears to have resulted in an early boost to retail sales <ref>[http://www.cebr.com/OneStopCMS/Core/SearchResults.aspx ''Credit Where Credit’s Due – the VAT Cut is Working'', "Forecasting Eye", Centre for Economic and Business Research, 18 April 2009]</ref>.


====Germany====
IMF Index of Primary Commodity Prices,  
The international banking panic had an immediate impact on Germany's fragmented banking system and in  October 2008 the government set up a fund to guarantee the  banks' debts and provide for  recapitalisation and  asset purchases. Although there had been falls in national output  earlier in the year, the government did not at first consider further action  to be necessary, but by the end of the year a fall in exports signalled the onset of major downturn, and in January of 2009 it launched a major fiscal stimulus (amounting eventually to 3.5 per cent of gdp) that included reductions in income, and payroll taxes(starting in July) as well as  industrial subsidies and infrastructure investments. Those discretionary actions together with the action of the automatic stabilisers were expected to increase the budget deficit to  7% of GDP by  2010. Forecasters expect the downturn of the German economy to be deeper than those of other major industrialised countries except Japan.
(2005=100, in terms of US dollars)


====France====
:::::::{|class = "wikitable"
The government adopted a fiscal stimulus amounting to over 1% of GDP, including infrastructure spending, measures to relieve cash-flow difficulties for small and medium-sized enterprises,  tax holidays  for low-income households, increased unemployment compensation, and loans to the car and aircraft industries. Together with the operation of automatic stabilisers, these measures are expected to raise the budget deficit to above 8% of gdp by 2010
| colspan = "4" align = "center"|2007
| colspan = "4" align = "center"|2008
| colspan = "4" align = "center"|2009
|-
| Q1
| Q2
| Q3
| Q4
| Q1
| Q2
| Q3
| Q4
| Q1
| Q2
| Q3
| Q4
|-
| 118
| 130
| 137
| 154
| 172
| 203
| 197
| 117
| 99
| 114
| 126
| 136
|}


====Italy====
:::(Source: IMF [http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/table1a.pdf])


====Iceland====
===The oil price===
Before the Lehman Brothers collapse in September 2008, Iceland appeared to be in an enviable position among the developed countries. It had a thriving economy, its government had a budgetary surplus, its banks had no toxic assets and its consumers had not indulged in any speculative bubbles. (Although Willem Buiter and Anne SIbert <ref> Willem Buiter and Anne SIbert: ''The Icelandic Banking Crisis and
The price of crude oil on the New York Stock Exchange ($/barrel[http://www.nyse.tv/crude-oil-price-history.htm])
What To Do About It'', Policy Insight No 26, Centre for Economic Policy Research, October 2008[http://www.cepr.org/pubs/PolicyInsights/PolicyInsight26.pdf]</ref>, believe that  its banking model was not viable). A few months later its banking system had collapsed, its government was deeply in debt, its currency had suffered a  65 per cent depreciation, real earnings had fallen by 18 per cent, and its economy was facing a deep and prolonged recession. Those were the consequences of the impact of the international credit crunch on a banking system that had overseas debts amounting to almost ten times the country's GDP. Unable to ''roll over'' their debts, three of its largest banks had to be rescued by the government, and the consequent rise in national debt caused a flight from the national currency that made matters worse. A loan was obtained from the International Monetary Fund and recovery is expected during 2011 <ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08362.pdf ''Country Report No. 08/362'', International Monetary Fund, November 2008]</ref>.
:::::::{|class = "wikitable"
!colspan = "2"|2007
!colspan = "2"|2008
!colspan = "2"| 2009
!colspan = "2"| 2010
|-
| January
| &nbsp;&nbsp;June&nbsp;&nbsp;
| January
| &nbsp;&nbsp;June&nbsp;&nbsp;
| January
| &nbsp;&nbsp;June&nbsp;&nbsp;
| January
| &nbsp;&nbsp;June&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|align="center"| 56
|align="center"| 65
|align="center"| 98
|align="center"| 139
|align="center"| 46
|align="center"| 68
|align="center"| 83
|align="center"| 72
|}


====Ireland====
===World trade===
A downturn in the output of the formerly booming Irish construction industry that started in 2007, intensified and developed into a full-blown  economic recession in the course of 2008 and  construction and property companies  began to default on loans from the banks. News of their defaults made foreign banks and investors, that had been the banks' principal source of short-term finance, reluctant to risk further commitments, and a banking crisis developed.  In an attempt to restore confidence, the Irish government undertook to  guarantee loans to the banks, as a result of which it experienced a large increase in its budgetary deficit. The sums of money involved were so large by comparison with the country's GDP  that foreign investors became wary  of a ''sovereign default'', and the government's ability to finance the deficit was threatened by a general loss of confidence. In April 2009, the government decided that the only way to restore confidence was to take steps to reduce its deficit - and took the extraordinary step of increasing taxation in the midst of a recession <ref>[http://www.budget.gov.ie/2009SupApril09/FinancialStatement.html Budget Statement,  Department of Finance, April 7, 2009]</ref>. As Paul Krugman has noted "the Irish government now predicts that this year [2009] GDP will fall more than 10 percent from its peak, crossing the line that is sometimes used to distinguish between a recession and a depression <ref>[http://www.twine.com/item/127048rfq-1s1/op-ed-columnist-paul-krugman-erin-go-broke-nytimes-com Paul Krugman: ''Erin Go Broke'', New York Times, April 18 2009]</ref>
: OECD trade in goods and services
:: % value change on previous quarter (priced in US$).


Additional steps taken include direct purchase of stock in some banks and the establishment of the '[[National Asset Management Agency]]' - essentially a government-owned bank that will buy [[toxic debt]] from six financial institutions - both steps aimed at improving their balance sheets and freeing up capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.finance.gov.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=5769 |title=Minister for Finance, Mr Brian Lenihan, TD, announces appointment of interim Managing Director of the National Asset Management Agency |accessdate=2009-05-12 |author=Department of Finance, Ireland |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format=html |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneyguideireland.com/nama-national-asset-management-agency.html |title=NAMA - National Asset Management Agency |accessdate=2009-05-12 |author=Money Guide Ireland |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>
:::::::{|class="wikitable"
!
!colspan = "4"|2008
!colspan = "4"|2009
!colspan = "4"|2010
|-
!
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
!Q1
!Q2
!Q3
!Q4
|-
!Exports
| 5.6
| 5.6
| -3.0
| -18.4
| -12.7
| 1.8
| 7.5
| 7.6
| 0.6
|
|
|
|-
!Imports
|6.2
|5.2
| -2.0
| -18.5
| -14.3
| -0.5
| 8.1
| 6.2
| 2.5
|
|
|
|}


====Russia====
::(Source: OECD economic indicators[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/10/47/44479849.pdf])
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>


===Asia===
==Policy Actions==


====Japan====
===Central bank measures===
Japan has suffered a much deeper recession than the other large industrialised economies mainly because of its greater reliance upon exports of cars and high-technology products. Output was also restricted by a credit crunch and by the need to reduce high inventory levels <ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0905.pdf Martin Sommer: ''Why Has Japan Been Hit So Hard by the Global Recession?'', Staff Note SPN/09/05, International Monetary Fund, March 18, 2009]</ref>.


====China====
:::{|class = "wikitable"
!
! Federal Reserve Bank
! European Central Bank
! &nbsp;&nbsp;Bank of Japan&nbsp;&nbsp;
! &nbsp;&nbsp;Bank of England&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
! Lowering policy rates
to very low levels
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|De facto
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|-
! Increasing liquidity provision
to financial institutions
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|-
! Intervening directly in wider
segments of the financial market
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|-
! Purchasing long-term
government bonds
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|-
!Supporting specific
institutions
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|
|Align = "center"|X
|Align = "center"|X
|}


===Developing countries===
:Source: OECD Economics Working Papper No 753 February 2010[http://www.oecdilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/5kml6xm7qgs6.pdf?expires=1271935601&id=0000&accname=freeContent&checksum=4409F41DDF3E1725FB09A73F274F2806]
According to a World Bank report published in March 2009,  94 out of 116 developing countries have experienced a slowdown in economic growth. Of these countries, 43 have high levels of poverty. To date, the most affected sectors are those that were the most dynamic, typically urban-based exporters, construction, mining, and manufacturing<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22093316~menuPK:34463~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html. ''Crisis Reveals Growing Finance Gaps for Developing Countries'', World Bank, 8th March 2009]</ref>.
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>
===[[Fiscal stimulus]] packages===
:  % of GDP


== Recent economic developments==
:::::::::{|class = "wikitable"
!
!align="center"| 2008
!align="center"| 2009
!align="center"| 2010
!align="center"| Total
|-
|align="center"|United States
|align="center"|1.1
|align="center"|2.0
|align="center"|1.8
|align="center"|4.8
|-
|align="center"|United Kingdom
|align="center"|0.2
|align="center"|1.4
|align="center"|-0.1
|align="center"|1.5
|-
|align="center"|Germany
|align="center"|0.0
|align="center"|1.5
|align="center"|2.0
|align="center"|3.4
|-
|align="center"|France
|align="center"|0.0
|align="center"|0.7
|align="center"|0.7
|align="center"|1.3
|-
|align="center"|Japan
|align="center"|0.4
|align="center"|1.4
|align="center"|0.4
|align="center"|2.2
|-
|align="center"|Canada
|align="center"|0.0
|align="center"|1.5
|align="center"|1.3
|align="center"|2.7
|-
|align="center"|China
|align="center"|0.4
|align="center"|2.0
|align="center"|2.0
|align="center"|4.4
|}


===2009, 1st quarter===
::(Source: IMF estimates February 2009 [http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2009/020109.pdf])
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>
==Debt==


====World====
===Public debt estimates===
: '''World trade falls''' - the value of trade by the G7 countries is 23% below that of Q1 2008.
:([[National debt]]
:'''Protection grows''' World Bank reports 47 trade restrictions by 17 G20 countries [http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13355727]
:: % of GDP )
:''' Developing countries lose exports''' [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/swimmingagainstthetide-march2009.pdf].
:'''IMF lending resources to increase'''  - US proposes tripling them [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/be91f43c-0e63-11de-b099-0000779fd2ac.html]
: G20 Finance Ministers pledge further action [http://www.g20.org/Documents/2009_communique_horsham_uk.pdf]
 
====The United States====
:'''Rising unemployment''' - 7.6% in January, 8.1% February.
:'''Record  budget deficit''' -  $1.2 trillion 2009 deficit forecast by the Congressional Budget Office [http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/99xx/doc9957/01-07-Outlook.pdf]. (Government spending expected to rise to 23% of GDP [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article5536320.ece])
:'''Major fiscal stimulus''' - proposed by President-elect Obama in his speech of 8 January [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/58ee3966-dd9d-11dd-930e-000077b07658.html][http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7874407.stm]
::Congress approves stimulus package - American Recovery and Reinvestment Act(H.R. 1) - a $839 billion stimulus package [http://www.recovery.gov/]
:'''Financial Stability Plan''' - Government launches a plan intended to restore confidence in the financial system (including mandatory stress tests for major banks)  and to provide financial assistance households and businesses[http://www.financialstability.gov/docs/fact-sheet.pdf]
:'''Fears of Trade War''' –  America First Steel Act, Homeland Security Comm. approves bill requiring federal agencies to use U.S. steel for public works projects, (HR 5935) [http://www.bna.com/current/itr/topl.htm] [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/industrials/article5587443.ece]
:'''Money supply increase''' Federal Reserve to increase the size of its balance sheet further by purchasing up to an additional $750 billion of agency mortgage-backed securities, bringing its total purchases of these securities to up to $1.25 trillion this year, and to increase its purchases of agency debt this year by up to $100 billion to a total of up to $200 billion. [http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20090318a.htm]
:'''Washington's digression''' Outrage over AIG bonuses threatens to derail Obama's rescue plans [http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/banking_and_finance/article5934395.ece]
: '''Housing market bottoms out?'''. House sales rise by about 5% in February.
: '''Public Private Partnership Investment Program ''' announced [http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg65.htm] to purchase $1 trillion worth of toxic assets from banks.
 
 
====Europe excluding UK====
:'''Industrial production falls''' - Eurozone index drops by 3.5% in January.
:'''ECB Discount  rate cut''' from 2.4% to  2% [http://www.ecb.int/stats/monetary/rates/html/index.en.html#data]
:'''French industrial production plunges''' at an annual rate of 13% in January.
:'''German output projected to fall by 2.5 percent in 2009'''[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2009/CAR012209A.htm].
:'''Eastern Europe's economic crisis''' [http://www.voanews.com/english/2009-02-23-voa48.cfm]
:'''IMF's Hungary programme'''[http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2009/pr0936.htm]
 
====United Kingdom====
:'''Industrial production falls''' - output decreased by 5.3 per cent in the first quarter of 2009 compared with the previous quarter and fell 12.1 per cent against the first quarter of 2008[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=198].
:'''Fiscal stimulus announced'''- the main elements being a temporary reduction of the rate of value-added tax  from 17.5% to 15%,  a bringing forward of £3 billion of capital investment, and a range of minor tax reductions. The resulting discretionary fiscal easing (1.4% of GDP in 2009) together with the much larger effects of the ''automatic stabilisers'' was expected to raise the fiscal deficit to 9% of GDP in 2009 and even higher in 2010.[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/4/42440943.pdf]. Plans that were put forward for the halving of the deficit within 4 years included an increase to 45% of income tax rates for earners of over £150,000 a year
 
:'''Quantitative easing '''[http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/ck_letter_boe290109.pdf] and '''Asset protection '''[http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/press_07_09.htm][http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/quarterlybulletin/mo09feb.pdf]
:'''Discount  rate cut''' - from 2% to 1.0% [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2009/001.htm].
:'''IMF endorses policy''' IMF  Deputy Managing Director says "There is no unique weakness in the UK economy, and we believe the measures taken ...will strengthen the economy over the medium term "[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article5627450.ece].
 
====Asia====
: '''China's growth rate falls''' [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:22092584~menuPK:51340323~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:4607,00.html]
: '''Japan's exports halved''' - exports  in January 2009 were  56% less than in January 2008 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7931806.stm].
:'''Japan's industrial production falls''' - in January to 10.0% lower than in  the previous month and 30.8% below  that of January 2008 <ref>http://www.meti.go.jp/english/statistics/tyo/iip/index.html ''Indices of Industrial Production'', Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry, Tokio, February 27, 2009]</ref>.
: '''Japan's IMF loan''' - of $100bn[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2009/NEW021309A.htm].
 
===2009, 2nd quarter===
 
====World====
:'''Signs of recovery'''- OECD leading indicators  show moves toward long-term trend for the economies of nearly all industrialised countries[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/33/42/42946062.pdf], and G8  Finance Ministers say "there are signs of stabilization in our economies, including a recovery of stock markets, a decline in interest rate spreads, improved business and consumer confidence, but the situation remains uncertain and significant risks remain to economic and financial stability."[http://www.reuters.com/article/usDollarRpt/idUSLD28717620090613]
:'''Record public debt'''- the IMF expects the public debt of the 10 leading economies to rise from 78% of GDP on 2007 to 114% in 2010, or $50,000 per person.
 
====United States====
 
:'''Output fall moderates?''' Reports from the twelve Federal Reserve District Banks indicate that economic conditions remained weak or deteriorated further during the period from mid-April through May. However, five of the Districts noted that the downward trend is showing signs of moderating. Further, contacts from several Districts said that their expectations have improved, though they do not see a substantial increase in economic activity through the end of the year
:'''Banks fail stress tests'''  - of the 19 banks  tested, it was found  that ten of them need to raise a total of $74.6bn.  Any who fail to raise their quota will come under increased government control.
:'''10 banks repay Treasury loans''' - received under the Troubled Asset Relief Program.
:'''Credit crunch eases''' The LIBOR three-month lending rates for the dollar fell below 1 per cent for the first time. The previous all-time low was 1 per cent in June 2003.
:'''Mark to market rule eased''' for inactive markets to what an asset could fetch in an "orderly" transaction (not including distressed transactions or fire-sales)[http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0235590020090402]
 
====Europe except UK====
:'''ECB discount rate cut to 1 percent''' - the interest rate on the main refinancing operations of the Eurosystem  be decreased by 25 basis points to 1.00%, from 13/05/09[http://www.ecb.int/press/pr/date/2009/html/pr090507.en.html].
:'''ECB quantitative easing starts''' - with plans to buy €60bn worth of bonds. [http://www.ecb.int/press/pressconf/2009/html/is090507.en.html]
:'''Ireland's supplementary budget''' - a number of tax increases and public expenditure cuts designed to reduce the deficit to 10.75 per cent of GDP for 2009 [http://www.budget.gov.ie/2009SupApril09/FinancialStatement.html].
 
====United Kingdom====
:'''"Recession is over!"''' - according to Martin Weale of the National Institute for Economic and Social Research[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2ee96e32-5620-11de-ab7e-00144feabdc0.html]
:'''Purchasing managers are optimistic''' PMI index reaches 50.9 - 51.7 for services (50 means stable)[http://www.cips.org/aboutcips/news/details.aspx?id=195].
:'''More quantitative easing''': Bank of England increases its Asset Purchase Programme by £50 bn to £125 bn [http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2009/037.htm]
: '''Budget''' - broadly in line with pre-budget proposals (but with top tax rate raised to 50%)
: '''Treasury forecasts 2010 upturn and debt of 75% of GDP'''- puts gdp growth at -3½ to -3¾ per cent for 2009 (in line with independent forecasts) and 1 to 1½ per cent for 2010 (at the upper end of the range of independent forecasts) and forecasts an increase in national debt to about 75 percent of gdp.
: '''S&P outlook revised to negative but 'AAA/A-1+' rating remains '''[http://www2.standardandpoors.com/portal/site/sp/en/us/page.article/4,5,5,1,1204846854464.html] - assuming national debt to reach 100% of GDP by 2013 and bank rescues to cost £145bn (note lower IFS estimates [http://www.ifs.org.uk/comms/comm107.pdf]).
:'''House prices rise''' - twice in 3 months [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/05fa9898-4c1b-11de-a6c5-00144feabdc0,s01=1.html]
 
====Asia====
 
===2009 3rd quarter===
 
====Europe, excluding the UK====
'''Deflation?''' The annual  HCIP index rate was negative - and below 1.0% in Portugal and Spain(-1.4), Luxemburg (-1.5), Belgium (-1.7), and  Ireland (-2.6) [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-QA-09-034/EN/KS-QA-09-034-EN.PDF]
 
====United Kingdom====
'''Quantitative easing extended'''[http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2009/063.htm] -  by £50 billion to £175 billion.
 
==Leading Indicators==
Ratio to trend, amplitude adjusted, per cent
<br> (long-term average = 100)<br>
Growth cycle phases of the CLI are defined as follows: expansion (increase above 100), downturn (decrease above 100), slowdown (decrease below100), recovery (increase below 100).


:::{|class = "wikitable"
:::{|class = "wikitable"
Line 151: Line 617:
!align="center"| United States
!align="center"| United States
!align="center"| United Kingdom
!align="center"| United Kingdom
!align="center"| &nbsp;&nbsp;China&nbsp;&nbsp;
!align="center"| Average <ref> average of advanced G20 countries</ref>
!align="center"| &nbsp;&nbsp;Russia&nbsp;&nbsp;
|-
|-
| January 2009
|2007
|align="center"|91.2
|align="center"|188
|align="center"|96.2
|align="center"|104
|align="center"|96.3
|align="center"|64
|align="center"|90.7
|align="center"|63
|align="center"|91.3
|align="center"|62
|align="center"|96.3
|align="center"|44
|align="center"|91.7
|align="center"|78
|align="center"|88.2
|-
|-
| February 2009
|2009
|align="center"|90.2
|align="center"|217
|align="center"|96.3
|align="center"|117
|align="center"|96.7
|align="center"|77
|align="center"|90.3
|align="center"|80
|align="center"|90.9
|align="center"|89
|align="center"|96.3
|align="center"|69
|align="center"|92.6
|align="center"|101
|align="center"|87.0
|-
|-
| March 2009
|2010
|align="center"|89.4
|align="center"|219
|align="center"|97.3
|align="center"|116
|align="center"|97.8
|align="center"|78
|align="center"|90.2
|align="center"|79
|align="center"|90.7
|align="center"|85
|align="center"|96.7
|align="center"|69
|align="center"|93.4
|align="center"|99
|align="center"|86.2
|-
|-
| April 2009
|2014
|align="center"|88.7
|align="center"|246
|align="center"|98.8
|align="center"|129
|align="center"|99.0
|align="center"|96
|align="center"|91.0
|align="center"|89
|align="center"|91.2
|align="center"|108
|align="center"|97.5
|align="center"|94.6
|align="center"|86.2
|-
| May 2009
|align="center"|89.5
|align="center"|101.1
|align="center"|100.3
|align="center"|93.8
|align="center"|92.7
|align="center"|98.3
|align="center"|96.3
|align="center"|88.2
|-
| June 2009
|align="center"|93.5
|align="center"|102
|align="center"|101.3
|align="center"|96.3
|align="center"|94.4
|align="center"|99.3
|align="center"|98
|align="center"|98
|align="center"|91.5
|align="center"|118
|-
| July 2009
|align="center"|94.0
|align="center"|104.8
|align="center"|102.7
|align="center"|98.5
|align="center"|96
|align="center"|100.6
|align="center"|99.4
|align="center"|92.8
|}
|}


:::::<references/>


Source: OECD Composite ''leading indicators'' [http://www.oecd.org/document/3/0,3343,en_2649_34249_42547075_1_1_1_1,00.html]
::(Source: IMF Staff Position Note November 2009 [https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0925.pdf])
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>
===Total debt===


==Forecasts ==
: % of GDP 2008


:::'''Annual percentage growth in Gross Domestic Product'''
:::{|class = "wikitable"
 
!
:::(forecasts are shown in ''italics'')
!align="center"| United Kingdom
 
!align="center"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Japan&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
:::{|class="wikitable"
!align="center"|&nbsp;&nbsp; France&nbsp;&nbsp;
!Date
!align="center"|&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Italy&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
!Source
!align="center"| United States
!Country
!align="center"|&nbsp;&nbsp; Germany &nbsp;&nbsp;
! 2007
! 2008
! 2009
! 2010
! 2011
|-
| 30 March 2009
|World Bank [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGEP2009/Resources/5530448-1238466339289/GEP-Update-March30.pdf]
|United States
|2.0
|''1.1''
|''-2.4''
|''2.0''
|-
|-
|
!Government
|
|align="center"|52
|Japan
|align="center"|188
|2.1
|align="center"|73
|''-0.7''
|align="center"|101
|''-5.3''
|align="center"|60
|''1.3''
|align="center"|69
|-
|-
|
!Financial institutions
|
|align="center"|202
|Euro area
|align="center"|108
|2.6
|align="center"|81
|''0.7''
|align="center"|77
|''-2.7''
|align="center"|56
|''0.9''
|align="center"|76
|-
|-
|
!Non-financial businesses
|
|align="center"|114
|China
|align="center"|96
|12
|align="center"|110
|''9.0''
|align="center"|81
|''6.5''
|align="center"|78
|''7.3''
|align="center"|66
|-
|
|
|Developing <ref name=dev/>
|6.1
|''5.8''
|''2.2''
|''4.8''
|-
|
|
| World
|3.7
|''3.1''
|''-0.6''
|''2.9''
|-
| 9 May 2009
| ''Economist''  Poll [http://www.economist.com/markets/indicators/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13611211]
| United States
|
|
| -''2.9''
| ''1.4''
|-
|
|
| United Kingdom
|
|
| ''-3.7''
| ''0.3''
|-
|
|
| France
|
|
| ''-2.9''
| ''0.3''
|-
|
|
| Germany
|
|
| ''-5.2''
| ''0.3''
|-
|
|
| Japan
|
|
| ''-6.4''
| ''0.6''
|-
| 1 June 2009
| OECD Economic Outlook [http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,3343,en_2649_34573_20347538_1_1_1_1,00.html]
| United States
|
|1.1
| -''2.8''
| ''0.9''
|-
|
|
| United Kingdom
|
|0.7
| ''-4.3''
| ''0.0''
|-
|
|
| France
|
| 0.7
| ''-3.0''
| ''-0.2''
|-
|
|
| Germany
|
| 1.0
| ''-6.1''
| ''0.2''
|-
|-
|
!Households
|
|align="center"|101
| Japan
|align="center"|67
|
|align="center"|44
| -0.6
|align="center"|40
| ''-6.8''
|align="center"|56
| ''0.7''
|align="center"|47
|-
| 3 October 2009
| International Monetary Fund [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/pdf/text.pdf]
| United States
|2.0
|0.8
|''-2.7''
|''1.5''
|-
|
|
| United Kingdom
|3.0
|0.7
|''-4.4''
|''0.9''
|-
|-
|
!Total
|
|align="center"|469
| France
|align="center"|459
| 2.1
|align="center"|308
| 0.3
|align="center"|298
| ''-2.4''
|align="center"|290
| ''0.9''
|align="center"|274
|-
|-
|
! % growth 2000-08
|
|align="center"|10.2
| Germany
|align="center"|0.3
| 2.5
|align="center"|7.7
| 1.3
|align="center"|6.3
| ''-5.3''
|align="center"|8.1
| ''-0.3''
|align="center"|2.5
|-
|
|
| Japan
| 2.4
| -0.7
| ''-5.4''
| ''1.7'
|-
|
|
| China
| 13
| 9
| ''8.5''
| ''9.0''
|-
|
|
| World
| 3.8
| ''3.1''
| ''-1.1''
| ''3.1''
|}
|}
:(Source: ''Debt and Deleverageing, the Global Credit Bubble and its Consequences'', McKinsey, 2010[http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/reports/freepass_pdfs/debt_and_deleveraging/debt_and_deleveraging_full_report.pdf])
<small>
[[Recession of 2009/Addendum#Selected economic statistics|RETURN TO THE TOP]]
</small>




<references/>
<references/>

Latest revision as of 05:11, 24 April 2012

Selected economic statistics

Growth rates

GDP at constant market prices
% change on previous period
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
2006 2007 2008 2009 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
United States 2.8 2.0 0.4 -2.4 0.0 1.2 1.6 0.0 0.2 0.7 -0.1 -1.4 -1.2 -0.2 0.4 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7
Japan 2.0 2.4 -0.6 -5.3 1.0 -0.3 0.4 1.0 0.3 -1.2 -0.4 -3.2 -4.2 1.7 0.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.6 -0.6 -1.8 -0.3 1.7 -0.2
Canada 3.1 2.7 0.5 -2.6 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 -0.2 0.1 0.2 0.8 -1.4 -0.6 0.1 1.2 1.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.9 -0.2 1.0 0.4
United Kingdom 2.8 3.0 0.7 -4.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.0 -0.7 -1.6 -2.3 -0.7 -0.3 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.7 -0.5 0.2 -0.1 0.6 -0.3
Germany 3.0 2.5 1.3 -5.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.5 -0.5 -0.5 -2.1 -3.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.9 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.3 0.6 -0.2
France 2.2 2.2 0.8 -2.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 -0.3 0.1 -1.1 -1.5 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.2
Italy 2.0 1.6 -1.0 -5.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 -0.3 0.3 -0.6 -0.7 -2.1 -2.9 -0.3 0.4 -0.1 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 -0.2 -0.7
(Source: OECD, Main Economic Indicators)

Consumer prices

percentage increase on the same period of the previous year
2009
2008 2009  Mar   Jun   Sep   Dec 
United States 3.8 -0.4 -0.4 -1.4 -1.3 2.7
United Kingdom 3.6 2.2 2.9 1.8 1.1 2.8
France 2.8 0.1 0.3 -0.5 -0.4 0.9
Germany 2.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 -0.3 0.9
Italy 3.3 0.8 1.2 0.5 0.2 1.3
Japan 1.4 -1.4 -0.3 -1.8 -2.2 -1.3
G7 countries 3.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.9 -1.0 1.8
(Source OECD[1] )

RETURN TO THE TOP

Unemployment rates

OECD harmonised rates
% seasonally adjusted)
2009
2007 2008 2009   Q1    Q2    Q3    Q4 
United States 4.6 5.8 9.3 8.2 9.3 9.7 10.0
United Kingdom 5.3 5.5 7.6 7.1 7.7 7.8 7.7
Japan 3.9 4.0 5.1 4.5 5.1 5.1 5.2
Germany 8.4 7.3 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.5
France 8.3 7.9 9.4 8.9 9.3 9.5 10.0
(Source: OECD)[2]

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Commodity prices

IMF Index of Primary Commodity Prices, (2005=100, in terms of US dollars)

2007 2008 2009
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
118 130 137 154 172 203 197 117 99 114 126 136
(Source: IMF [3])

The oil price

The price of crude oil on the New York Stock Exchange ($/barrel[4])

2007 2008 2009 2010
January   June   January   June   January   June   January   June  
56 65 98 139 46 68 83 72

World trade

OECD trade in goods and services
% value change on previous quarter (priced in US$).
2008 2009 2010
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Exports 5.6 5.6 -3.0 -18.4 -12.7 1.8 7.5 7.6 0.6
Imports 6.2 5.2 -2.0 -18.5 -14.3 -0.5 8.1 6.2 2.5
(Source: OECD economic indicators[5])

RETURN TO THE TOP

Policy Actions

Central bank measures

Federal Reserve Bank European Central Bank   Bank of Japan     Bank of England  
Lowering policy rates

to very low levels

X De facto X X
Increasing liquidity provision

to financial institutions

X X X X
Intervening directly in wider

segments of the financial market

X X X X
Purchasing long-term

government bonds

X X X
Supporting specific

institutions

X X X
Source: OECD Economics Working Papper No 753 February 2010[6]

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Fiscal stimulus packages

% of GDP
2008 2009 2010 Total
United States 1.1 2.0 1.8 4.8
United Kingdom 0.2 1.4 -0.1 1.5
Germany 0.0 1.5 2.0 3.4
France 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.3
Japan 0.4 1.4 0.4 2.2
Canada 0.0 1.5 1.3 2.7
China 0.4 2.0 2.0 4.4
(Source: IMF estimates February 2009 [7])

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Debt

Public debt estimates

(National debt
% of GDP )
   Japan       Italy       France      Germany    United States United Kingdom Average [1]
2007 188 104 64 63 62 44 78
2009 217 117 77 80 89 69 101
2010 219 116 78 79 85 69 99
2014 246 129 96 89 108 98 118
  1. ↑ average of advanced G20 countries
    2. (Source: IMF Staff Position Note November 2009 [8])

    RETURN TO THE TOP

    Total debt

    % of GDP 2008
    United Kingdom    Japan       France       Italy     United States    Germany   
    Government 52 188 73 101 60 69
    Financial institutions 202 108 81 77 56 76
    Non-financial businesses 114 96 110 81 78 66
    Households 101 67 44 40 56 47
    Total 469 459 308 298 290 274
    % growth 2000-08 10.2 0.3 7.7 6.3 8.1 2.5
    (Source: Debt and Deleverageing, the Global Credit Bubble and its Consequences, McKinsey, 2010[9])

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