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<center>'''"Share your knowledge. It's a way to achieve immortality."'''</center>
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<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
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<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
<center>'''"The ink of the learned is equal in merit to the blood of the martyrs."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;Father Kristoforos, [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781400079322&view=rg ''Birds Without Wings''], by [http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth2 Louis de Bernières (b. 1954)]</center> -->
<center>'''"Knowledge is the true organ of sight, not the eyes."'''</center>
<center>&mdash;From the [[Panchatantra|Panchatantra]] [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440899/Panchatantra (Indian literature)]</center>
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=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
{{Image|Grey Nurse Shark.jpg|right|200px|This grey nurse shark (''[[Carcharias taurus]]'') and the smaller [[fish]] surrounding it are animals.}}
'''[[Animal]]s''' (from the Latin ''animale'' and ''animalis'', meaning "living", and ''anima'', meaning "vital breath", or "soul") are those [[organism]]s classified into the [[kingdom (biology)|kingdom]] '''Animalia'''. Together they make up a wide segment of [[life]]—[[biologist]]s estimate their [[species]] to number many millions—and include an incredibly [[biodiversity|diverse array]] of both familiar and strange creatures, ranging from [[hawk]]s to [[human]]s and from [[sea slug]]s to [[spider]]s. Nonetheless, they all share certain characteristics: all animals are [[multicellularity|multicellular]] [[eukaryote]]s, [[heterotrophism|ingest their food]], and [[locomotion|move]] by their own power at some point in their [[life cycle]]. Animals are essential [[consumer]]s in many [[ecosystem]]s and many are also important in [[human]] [[society|societies]] and [[economy|economies]].


====Definition====
Like "[[plant]]", the term "animal" has gone through several definitions along history. Animals—moving life—were distinguished from plants—unmoving life—by Aristotle in his works on metaphysics and logic. Aristotle continued to influence classification of plants all the way to Carl Linnaeus, who divided all life into the two kingdoms Animalia and Vegetabilia. Some animals such as [[coral]] were considered plants because they appeared sessile and similar to plants' branches. Additionally, many [[protist]]s were formerly classified as "microscopic animals" because, like animals, they actively moved and ate other organisms.<font size=1>[[Animal|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
The modern '''[[Taliban]]''' (طالبان; from the [[Farsi]] [[plural]] of [[Arabic]] طالب, meaning "student") movement, or the '''Taliban Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (TIMA)''', took control of [[Afghanistan]] in 1994, imposing a strict [[Salafism|Salafist]] rule, as or more conservative than the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] movement of Saudi Arabia. Both featured a "Department for Promoting Virtue and Preventing Vice." They argued they were creating a stable Islamic state that the leaders of the jihad against the Soviets could not create. <ref name=NI1997-04>{{citation
| title = The Spokesperson of the Taliban Government to Nida'ul Islam: "Our Goal is to Restore Peace and Establish a Pure and Clean Islamic State in Afghanistan"
| url = http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/taliban2.htm
| journal =  Nida'ul Islam magazine | date = April - May 1997
| author = Ma'soum Afghani}}</ref>


At the present time, the modern Taliban forms a substantial part of the insurgency in the [[Afghanistan War (2001-)]], as well as an active insurgency in [[Pakistan]]. The Taliban historically had a strong presence in the [[Federally Administered Tribal Area]]s near the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. After continuing fighting in areas along the Afghan border, Pakistan negotiated with Taliban fighters. <ref name=AJN>{{citation
|rowspan=2 style="width:50%; border:1px solid #e9e9e9; border-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.05); margin:0; padding:0; background:#fafafa; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.6); vertical-align:top; -moz-border-radius:0 10px 10px;  -webkit-border-radius:10px; -webkit-border-top-left-radius:0; -moz-background-clip:padding; -webkit-background-clip:padding;"|
  | journal = AlJazeera.net
{|cellspacing=0 style="width:100%; padding:0; margin:0; background:transparent;"
| title = Talking to the Taliban
|-
| author =  Imran Khan
|valign=top style="padding:1em 1em 0.75em;"|
| date = March 10, 2009
<h4 style="margin:0 0 0.75em; padding:0;"> '''Article counts''' </h4>
| url = http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/03/200939102529353355.html}}</ref> Fighting continued, and, on May 7, 2009, Prime Minister [[Yousef Raza Gilani]] of Pakistan formally revoked a peace agreement with the Taliban, accusing the Taliban of repeated violations. Taliban forces had fought to within 60 miles of [[Islamabad]], the capital of Pakistan. <ref name=CNN2009-05-07>{{citation
<p style="line-height:15px; padding-left:20px;">
| title = Prime minister: Pakistan fights for 'honor and dignity'
[[:Category:Citable versions of articles|Citable]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Citable versions of articles}}''')</font><br />
| journal = CNN
[[:Category:Developed Articles|Developed]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developed Articles}}''')</font><br />
| date = May 7, 2009
[[:Category:Developing Articles|Developing]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Developing Articles}}''')</font><br />
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/05/07/pakistan.swat.death/index.html}}</ref>
[[:Category:Stub Articles|Stubs]] <font size=1>('''{{PAGESINCAT:Stub Articles}}''')</font><br />
<font size=1>[[Taliban|['''more...''']]]</font>
<small>([[:Category:CZ Live|{{PAGESINCAT:CZ Live}} total]])</small>
</p>
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{{CZ:Quote}}
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----<h3 style="margin-top:0; padding-top:0.6em; border-top:1px dotted #e0e0e0;">
<big>[[CZ:Featured article|Featured Article]]: ''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}]]''</big>
</h3>
{{CZ:Featured article/Current}}
|}
<div style='text-align: right;'><small>''[[{{FeaturedArticleTitle}}|Continued]]...''</small></div>

Latest revision as of 09:47, 31 October 2024

New Blog Post
Why is Citizendium deleting articles?


Help Write Articles about our World

Welcome to Citizendium, a wiki for providing free knowledge where authors use their real names. We regard information as a public good and welcome anyone who wants to share their knowledge on virtually any subject. Our online community prides itself on being congenial and supportive.

Citizendium Getting Started
Quick Start | About us | Help system | Start a new article | For Wikipedians  


See Recent Changes—an overview of articles being worked on now.

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Join this wiki and start an article
 
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Article counts

Citable (146)
Developed (1,129)
Developing (7,403)
Stubs (7,676)
(16,484 total)

You teach best what you most need to learn.
— Richard Bach

       —add a quotation about knowledge or writing

Featured Article: Nuclear power reconsidered

After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.

Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.

(CC) Image: Geoff Russell
Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.[7]

Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry

New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
  2. ↑ Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
  3. ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
  4. ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
  5. ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
  6. ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
  7. ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"

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