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==The European heritage ==
==The historical background to present-day Europe==
:''(covering only  developments that are deemed relevant to the present character of Europe)''
 
===The European heritage===
: [[Ancient Greece]]
: [[Ancient Greece]]
:: - the poetry of [[Homer]] (the [[Iliad]] and the [[Odyssey]])
:: - the philosophy of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] and the concept of [[democracy]] as a system of government
:: - the philosophy of [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]] and the concept of [[democracy]] as a system of government
:: - the poetry of [[Homer]] (the [[Iliad]] and the [[Odyssey]])
:: - the mathematics of [[Euclid]] and [[Pythagoras]]
:: - the mathematics of [[Euclid]] and [[Pythagoras]]
:: - the histories of [[Acusilaus]], [[Apollodorus]], [[Herodotus]],  [[Heraclides]], [[Thucydides]] and [[Xenophon]]
:: - the dramas of [[Aeschylus]] and [[Euripides]]
: The [[Roman Empire]]
: The [[Roman Empire]]
:: -  the rule of law and ''Pax Romana''<ref>[http://www.unrv.com/early-empire/pax-romana.php ''Pax Romna'']</ref>:  
:: -  the rule of law and ''Pax Romana''<ref>[http://www.unrv.com/early-empire/pax-romana.php ''Pax Romna'']</ref>:  
:: - the poetry of [[Virgil]] (the [[Aeneid]])  
:: - the poetry of [[Virgil]] (the [[Aeneid]])  
: [[Christianity]]
: [[Christianity]]
:: -  the teachings of [[Augustine of Hippo]] and the other patristic philosophers<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/ ''Medieval Philosophy'', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009]</ref>:  a doctrine of passive obediance to  authority
:: -  the teachings of [[Augustine of Hippo]] and the other patristic philosophers<ref>[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-philosophy/ ''Medieval Philosophy'', Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009]</ref>:  a doctrine of passive obedience to  authority
:: - the art of [[Michelangelo]] and [[Benini]] <ref>[http://www.cosmolearning.com/documentaries/civilisation/14/  Kenneth Clark: ''Grandeur and Obedience'' (episode 7 of the BBC series ''Civilisation'',  video of the BBC  1969 broadcast)]</ref>
:: - the politics of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa35  ''History of the Holy Roman Empire'', historyworld.net]</ref> and the reign of [[Charlemagne]]
:: - the politics of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]<ref>[http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa35  ''History of the Holy Roman Empire'', historyworld.net]</ref> and the reign of [[Charlemagne]]
: [[Islam]]
: [[Islam]]
:: -  the  mathematics and poetry of the Abbasid culture<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003hyfd ''The Abbasid Caliphs'', BBC iplayer, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_0708_02.html Keith Devlin: ''The Mathematical Legacy of Islam'', American Mathematical Association, 2002]</ref>,  
:: -  the  mathematics and poetry of the Abbasid culture<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003hyfd ''The Abbasid Caliphs'', BBC iplayer, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_0708_02.html Keith Devlin: ''The Mathematical Legacy of Islam'', American Mathematical Association, 2002]</ref>,  
:: - [[Omar Khayyam]].        
:: - [[Omar Khayyam]].  
: [[Renaissance]]
:: - the cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
:: - the art of [[Michelangelo]] and [[Benini]] <ref>[http://www.cosmolearning.com/documentaries/civilisation/14/  Kenneth Clark: ''Grandeur and Obedience'' (episode 7 of the BBC series ''Civilisation'',  video of the BBC  1969 broadcast)]</ref>     
: [[The Enlightenment]]  
: [[The Enlightenment]]  
:: - the  philosophical writings of [[Denis Diderot]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] that gave priority to  the power of reason over the claims of authority.
:: - the  philosophical writings of [[Denis Diderot]], [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] that gave priority to  the power of reason over the claims of authority.
:: - the scientific method: [[Galileo]] on the importance of observation, and [[Isaac Newton]] on the  [[History of scientific method#Isaac Newton|rules of reasoning]].
:: - the scientific method: [[Galileo]] on the importance of observation, and [[Isaac Newton]] on the  [[History of scientific method#Isaac Newton|rules of reasoning]].


==The development of the nation states==
===The development of European nation states===
:1648: Treaty of Westphalia
:1648: Treaty of Westphalia
:: - created the ''Westphalian System''[http://home.earthlink.net/~tebrister/westphalia.htm] of European [[sovereign state]]s.
:: - created the ''Westphalian System''[http://home.earthlink.net/~tebrister/westphalia.htm] of European [[sovereign state]]s.
:1663: Thomas Newcomen[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newcomen_thomas.shtml] (1663 - 1729) and the [[Industrial Revolution#Steam engine|development of the steam engine]].
:1663: Thomas Newcomen[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/newcomen_thomas.shtml] (1663 - 1729) and the [[Industrial Revolution#Steam engine|development of the steam engine]].
:1689: The [[Glorious Revolution]] establishes the duties of the monarchy
:1689: The [[Glorious Revolution]] establishes the duties of the monarchy
:1690: [[John Locke]] ''Two Treatises on Government''
:1690: [[John Locke]] ''Two Treatises on Government'' - the proposition that government is legitimate only if it is exercised in the interests of the governed.
:1713: Treaty of Utrecht  
:1711: [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the [[Scottish Enlightenment]].
:: - separates France from Spain; cedes the Spanish Netherlands to Austria; cedes Gibraltar and parts of Canada to Britain
:1713: Treaty of Utrecht[http://www.llanito.net/utrecht.htm]
:1789: [[French Revolution]]
:: - separated France from Spain; ceded the Spanish Netherlands to Austria; ceded Gibraltar and parts of Canada to Britain.
:1799-1815 [[Napoleonic Wars]]<ref>[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_napoleonic.html ''Napoeonic Wars'', Historyof War.org]</ref>
:1723: [[Adam Smith]] (1723-1790) Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723-1790), a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics; author of Wealth of Nations (1776)
::1806: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and formation of the Federation of the Rhine.
:1789: [[French Revolution]] - The replacement of the monarchy with a Republic.
:1815: Congress of Vienna
:1791: [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''The Rights of Man'' <ref>[http://www.ushistory.org/paine/rights/ Thomas Paine: ''The Rights of Man'', UShistory.org]</ref>
:1799-1815 [[Napoleonic Wars]]<ref>[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_napoleonic.html ''Napoleonic Wars'', Historyof War.org]</ref> - between France and other European countries including Austria, Russia and Britain.
:1806: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and formation of the Federation of the Rhine[http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/516/].
:1815: Congress of Vienna[http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html]
:: - redefined the territorial map of Europe following the defeat of [[Napoleon]]; including the creation of the Confederation of Germany
:: - redefined the territorial map of Europe following the defeat of [[Napoleon]]; including the creation of the Confederation of Germany
:1818: [[Karl Marx]] (1818-1883) philosopher and economist. Creator of a theoretical foundation for Communism
:1867: [[Ausgleich|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]]
:1867: [[Ausgleich|Austro-Hungarian Compromise]]
:: - united Austria with Hungary.  
:: - united Austria with Hungary.  
:1914-18 [[First World War]]  
:1914-18 [[First World War]]  
:1917: October Revolution
:1917: October Revolution[http://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/revolution/index.htm]
:: - the seizure of power by [[Lenin]]'s Bolshevics, from the  provisional government that had been formed by the revolutionary uprising of  of February 1917.  
:: - the seizure of power by [[Lenin]]'s Bolsheviks, from the  provisional government that had been formed by the revolutionary uprising of  of February 1917.  
:1918: The collapse of Austro-Hungary, and the proclamation of the separate republics of Austria and Hungary.
:1918: The Treaty of St Germain[http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty-st-germain.htm].The collapse of Austro-Hungary, and the proclamation of the separate republics of Austria and Hungary.
:1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)
:1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)
:: - concluded the treaties of Versailles (with Germany), St Germain (with Austria), Trianon (with Hungary), Neuilly (with Bulgaria), Sèvres  and Lausanne (with Turkey).
:: - concluded the [[Treaty of Versailles|treaties of Versailles]] (with Germany), St Germain (with Austria), Trianon (with Hungary), Neuilly (with Bulgaria), Sèvres  and Lausanne (with Turkey).
:1929-35: [[Great Depression]]   
:1929-35: [[Great Depression]]   
:1933: [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazi Party]] takes power in Germany
:1939-45 [[Second World War]]
:1939-45 [[Second World War]]
:1945: Partition of Germany
:1946: Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947)[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1948/2.html]
:1946: Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947)
:: - concluded peace treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Italy.
:: - concluded peace treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Rumania and Italy.


==The development of a union of nation states==
===The development of a union of nation states===
:1946: [[Winston Churchill]]'s ''Iron Curtain'' speech<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.htm Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speechl]</ref> - the east/west division of Europe
:1946: The partition of Germany<ref>[http://www.germanplaces.com/about-germany/history-germany/history-east-and-west.html ''Germany - Two states for 40 years'', Germanplaces.com]</ref> - between West Germany and communist East Germany
:: [[Winston Churchill]]'s ''Iron Curtain'' speech<ref>[http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speechl]</ref> - the east/west division of Europe
:1949: North Atlantic Treaty<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm ''North Atlantic Treaty'', official text]]</ref> - created [[NATO]]
:1949: North Atlantic Treaty<ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm ''North Atlantic Treaty'', official text]]</ref> - created [[NATO]]
:: Treaty of London (1949) -  created the  [[Europe#The Council of Europe|Council of Europe]]<ref>[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=001&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG ''Statute of the Council of Europe'', 1949]</ref>
:: Treaty of London (1949) -  created the  [[Europe#Council of Europe|Council of Europe]]<ref>[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=001&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG ''Statute of the Council of Europe'', 1949]</ref>
:1953: [[Europe#Human Rights|Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]]
:1953: [[Europe#Human Rights|Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms]]
:1954: Brussels Treaty<ref>[http://www.ena.lu/brussels_treaty_17_march_1948-020302282.html ''The Brussels Treaty'', European Navigator, 2006]</ref> - created the Western Union
:1954: [[Europe#The Brussels Treaty| Brussels Treaty]]<ref>[http://www.ena.lu/brussels_treaty_17_march_1948-020302282.html ''The Brussels Treaty'', European Navigator, 2006]</ref> - created the Western Union involving Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
:1957: Treaty of Rome <ref>[http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/treaties/Rome57/ ''Treaty establishing the European Community'', Rome, 25 March 1957]]</ref>  - created the European Common Market
:1957: Treaty of Rome <ref>[http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/treaties/Rome57/BH343.txt ''Treaty establishing the European Community'', Rome, 25 March 1957]]</ref>  - created the European Community: a customs union that included Belgium, France, Germany, Italy,  Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
:1973: Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe created the [[OSCE]]
::: - ''for further accessions see the [[European Union/Timelines|European Union timeline]]''
:1975: Signing of the Helsinki Final Act<ref>[http://www.osce.org/who/item/43960 ''Signing of the Helsinki Final Act'', OSCE.2010]</ref>
:1973: Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - and the signing  in 1975 of the Helsinki Final Act<ref>[http://www.osce.org/who/item/43960 ''Signing of the Helsinki Final Act'', OSCE.2010]</ref> - which created the [[Europe#Organisation for Security and Cooperation|Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe]]
:1989: Fall of the [[Berlin Wall]]
:1985: [[Europe#The Schengen Agreement|The Schengen Agreement]] for border crossings without passport checks.
:1989: Fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] - the symbolic destruction of the fortified barrier between east and west Berlin
:1990: German reunification<ref>[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_reunification_aftermath.htm ''The Reunification of Germany and Its Aftermath'', German Culture.com]</ref>
:1990: German reunification<ref>[http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/facts/bl_reunification_aftermath.htm ''The Reunification of Germany and Its Aftermath'', German Culture.com]</ref>
:1991: Collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] and the beginning of the [[Yugoslav Wars]]
:1991: Collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] and the beginning of the [[Yugoslav Wars]]
:1992: Treaty of Maastricht - created the [[European Union]]
:1992: Treaty of Maastricht<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/11992M/htm/11992M.html ''Treaty on European Union'', Official Journal C 191, 29 July 1992]</ref> - created the [[European Union]]: an extension of the European Community embodying political as well as economic collaboration, and the [[Eurozone#European Economic and Monetary Union|European Economic and Monetary Union]] (subsequently referred to as the [[eurozone]])
:: -''for subsequent treaties see the [[European Union/Timelines|European Union timeline]]''
:1994: Opening of the Channel tunnel
:1994: Opening of the Channel tunnel
:1997: Treaty of Amsterdam
:2003: Treaty of Nice
:2008-10:  [[Great Recession]]
:2008-10:  [[Great Recession]]
:2009: Treaty of Lisbon
:: - ''see the [[Great Recession/Timelines|Great Recession timeline]]''
:2010: [[Eurozone crisis]]
:2010: [[Eurozone crisis]] - a financial crisis  concerning, at first, the [[fiscal sustainability]] of the [[PIIGS]] members of the European Monetary Union, and subsequently the survival of the eurozone.
:: - ''see the [[Eurozone crisis/Timelines|Eurozone crisis timeline]]''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{reflist|3}}

Latest revision as of 04:40, 19 September 2013

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https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=Europe/Timelines&printable=yes
A timeline (or several) relating to Europe.

The historical background to present-day Europe

(covering only developments that are deemed relevant to the present character of Europe)

The European heritage

Ancient Greece
- the poetry of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey)
- the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and the concept of democracy as a system of government
- the mathematics of Euclid and Pythagoras
- the histories of Acusilaus, Apollodorus, Herodotus, Heraclides, Thucydides and Xenophon
- the dramas of Aeschylus and Euripides
The Roman Empire
- the rule of law and Pax Romana[1]:
- the poetry of Virgil (the Aeneid)
Christianity
- the teachings of Augustine of Hippo and the other patristic philosophers[2]: a doctrine of passive obedience to authority
- the politics of the Holy Roman Empire[3] and the reign of Charlemagne
Islam
- the mathematics and poetry of the Abbasid culture[4][5],
- Omar Khayyam.
Renaissance
- the cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
- the art of Michelangelo and Benini [6]
The Enlightenment
- the philosophical writings of Denis Diderot, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau that gave priority to the power of reason over the claims of authority.
- the scientific method: Galileo on the importance of observation, and Isaac Newton on the rules of reasoning.

The development of European nation states

1648: Treaty of Westphalia
- created the Westphalian System[1] of European sovereign states.
1663: Thomas Newcomen[2] (1663 - 1729) and the development of the steam engine.
1689: The Glorious Revolution establishes the duties of the monarchy
1690: John Locke Two Treatises on Government - the proposition that government is legitimate only if it is exercised in the interests of the governed.
1711: David Hume (1711-1776) Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian. He is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment.
1713: Treaty of Utrecht[3]
- separated France from Spain; ceded the Spanish Netherlands to Austria; ceded Gibraltar and parts of Canada to Britain.
1723: Adam Smith (1723-1790) Scottish moral philosopher and political economist (1723-1790), a major contributor to the modern perception of free market economics; author of Wealth of Nations (1776)
1789: French Revolution - The replacement of the monarchy with a Republic.
1791: Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man [7]
1799-1815 Napoleonic Wars[8] - between France and other European countries including Austria, Russia and Britain.
1806: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and formation of the Federation of the Rhine[4].
1815: Congress of Vienna[5]
- redefined the territorial map of Europe following the defeat of Napoleon; including the creation of the Confederation of Germany
1818: Karl Marx (1818-1883) philosopher and economist. Creator of a theoretical foundation for Communism
1867: Austro-Hungarian Compromise
- united Austria with Hungary.
1914-18 First World War
1917: October Revolution[6]
- the seizure of power by Lenin's Bolsheviks, from the provisional government that had been formed by the revolutionary uprising of of February 1917.
1918: The Treaty of St Germain[7].The collapse of Austro-Hungary, and the proclamation of the separate republics of Austria and Hungary.
1919: Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)
- concluded the treaties of Versailles (with Germany), St Germain (with Austria), Trianon (with Hungary), Neuilly (with Bulgaria), Sèvres and Lausanne (with Turkey).
1929-35: Great Depression
1933: Adolf Hitler and Nazi Party takes power in Germany
1939-45 Second World War
1946: Paris Peace Conference (1946-1947)[8]
- concluded peace treaties with Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Italy.

The development of a union of nation states

1946: The partition of Germany[9] - between West Germany and communist East Germany
Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech[10] - the east/west division of Europe
1949: North Atlantic Treaty[11] - created NATO
Treaty of London (1949) - created the Council of Europe[12]
1953: Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
1954: Brussels Treaty[13] - created the Western Union involving Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
1957: Treaty of Rome [14] - created the European Community: a customs union that included Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
- for further accessions see the European Union timeline
1973: Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe - and the signing in 1975 of the Helsinki Final Act[15] - which created the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
1985: The Schengen Agreement for border crossings without passport checks.
1989: Fall of the Berlin Wall - the symbolic destruction of the fortified barrier between east and west Berlin
1990: German reunification[16]
1991: Collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars
1992: Treaty of Maastricht[17] - created the European Union: an extension of the European Community embodying political as well as economic collaboration, and the European Economic and Monetary Union (subsequently referred to as the eurozone)
-for subsequent treaties see the European Union timeline
1994: Opening of the Channel tunnel
2008-10: Great Recession
- see the Great Recession timeline
2010: Eurozone crisis - a financial crisis concerning, at first, the fiscal sustainability of the PIIGS members of the European Monetary Union, and subsequently the survival of the eurozone.
- see the Eurozone crisis timeline

References

  1. ↑ Pax Romna
  2. ↑ Medieval Philosophy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2009
  3. ↑ History of the Holy Roman Empire, historyworld.net
  4. ↑ The Abbasid Caliphs, BBC iplayer, 2006
  5. ↑ Keith Devlin: The Mathematical Legacy of Islam, American Mathematical Association, 2002
  6. ↑ Kenneth Clark: Grandeur and Obedience (episode 7 of the BBC series Civilisation, video of the BBC 1969 broadcast)
  7. ↑ Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man, UShistory.org
  8. ↑ Napoleonic Wars, Historyof War.org
  9. ↑ Germany - Two states for 40 years, Germanplaces.com
  10. ↑ Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain Speechl
  11. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty, official text]
  12. ↑ Statute of the Council of Europe, 1949
  13. ↑ The Brussels Treaty, European Navigator, 2006
  14. ↑ Treaty establishing the European Community, Rome, 25 March 1957]
  15. ↑ Signing of the Helsinki Final Act, OSCE.2010
  16. ↑ The Reunification of Germany and Its Aftermath, German Culture.com
  17. ↑ Treaty on European Union, Official Journal C 191, 29 July 1992
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