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| == '''[[Osteoporosis]]''' ==
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| As defined by the National Osteoporosis Foundation:
| | ==Footnotes== |
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| <font face="Gill Sans MT">Osteoporosis, or porous bone, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and [microarchitectural] structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and an increased susceptibility to fractures, especially of the hip, spine and wrist, although any bone can be affected.</font><ref name=fastfacts>National Osteoporosis Foundation (2005) [https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmedschool.creighton.edu%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser%2Fmedicine%2Fimages%2FCreighton_FIRST%2FOsteo_Spotlight%2FFast_Facts.pdf].</ref>
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| The increase in fragility results from both low bone mass and impaired bone quality.
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| Emphasizing the factor of ‘bone strength’, a factor in addition to and distinct from low bone mass, and the consequent increase risk of sustaining a fracture, a [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy has defined osteoporosis in 2001 as
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| <font face="Gill Sans MT">a skeletal disease characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture. Bone strength primarily reflects the integration of bone density and bone quality...</font><ref name=NIH2001> NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. (2001) [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.6.785 Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy]. ''JAMA'' 285(6):785-795. PMID 11176917.</ref>
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| Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (osteoporosis, postmenopausal) and age-related or senile osteoporosis."
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| {|align="left" cellpadding="10" style="background:lightgray; width:35%; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin:20px; font-size: 93%; font-family: Gill Sans MT;"
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| | Osteoporosis, which literally means "porous bone", is a disease in which the density and quality of bone are reduced. As the bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of fracture is greatly increased. The loss of bone occurs "silently" and progressively. Often there are no symptoms until the first fracture occurs.
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| : [http://www.iofbonehealth.org/patients-public/about-osteoporosis/what-is-osteoporosis.html —The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF)]
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| | Osteoporosis means “porous bone.” If you look at healthy bone under a microscope, you will see that parts of it look like a honeycomb. If you have osteoporosis, the holes and spaces in the honeycomb are much bigger than they are in healthy bone. This means your bones have lost density or mass. It also means that the structure of your bone tissues has become abnormal. As your bones become less dense, they become weaker.
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| : [http://www.nof.org/aboutosteoporosis/bonebasics/whatisosteoporosis —The National Osteoporosis Foundation]
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| Although more common in women, osteoporosis may occur in males.<ref name="pmid18385499">{{cite journal |author=Ebeling PR |title=Clinical practice. Osteoporosis in men |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=14 |pages=1474–82 |year=2008 |month=April |pmid=18385499 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp0707217 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=18385499&promo=ONFLNS19 |issn=}}</ref>
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| ''[[Osteoporosis|.... (read more)]]''
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[Osteoporosis#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
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| | </small> |
After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.
Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.
(CC) Image: Geoff Russell Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.
[7] Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry
New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.
- ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
- ↑ Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
- ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
- ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
- ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
- ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
- ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"
