South Carolina (U.S. state)

South Carolina is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. It was the first state to secede from the Union to found the Confederate States of America. The state is named after King Charles II of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. According to 2005 estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau, the state's population stands at 4,321,249.

Geography

South Carolina is bounded to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.

South Carolina is composed of four geographic areas, whose boundaries roughly parallel the northeast/southwest Atlantic coastline. The lower part of the state is the Coastal Plain, also known as the Lowcountry, which is nearly flat and composed entirely of recent sediments such as sand, silt, and clay. Areas with better drainage make excellent farmland, though some land is swampy. The coastline contains many salt marshes and estuaries, as well as natural ports such as Georgetown and Charleston. An unusual feature of the coastal plain is a large number of Carolina bays, the origins of which are uncertain, though one prominent theory suggests that they were created by a meteor shower. The bays tend to be oval, lining up in a northwest to southeast orientation.

Just west of the coastal plain is the Sand Hills region, which is thought to contain remnants of old coastal dunes from a time when the land was sunken or the oceans were higher.

The Piedmont (Upstate) region contains the roots of an ancient, eroded mountain chain. It tends to be hilly, with thin, stony clay soils, and contains few areas suitable for farming. Much of the Piedmont was once farmed, with little success, and is now reforested. At the edge of the Piedmont is the fall line, where rivers drop to the coastal plain. The fall line was an important early source of water power, and mills built to harness this resource encouraged the growth of several cities, including the capital, Columbia. The larger rivers are navigable up to the fall line, providing a trade route for mill towns.

The upper part of the Piedmont is also known as the Foothills. The Cherokee Parkway is a scenic driving route through this area. This is where Table Rock State Park is located.

Highest in elevation is the Upstate, containing an escarpment of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which continue into North Carolina and Georgia, as part of the southern Appalachian chain. Sassafras Mountain, South Carolina's highest point at 3,560 feet (1,085 m) is located in this area. Also located in the Upcountry is Table Rock State Park and Caesar's Head State Park. The Chattooga River, located on the border between South Carolina and Georgia, is a favorite whitewater rafting destination.

See also: List of South Carolina counties.

Climate

South Carolina has a humid subtropical climate (Koppen climate classification Cfa), although high elevation areas in the "Upstate" area have less subtropical characteristics than areas on the Atlantic coastline. In the summer, South Carolina is hot and humid with daytime temperatures averaging between 86-92°F (30-33°C) in most of the state and overnight lows over 70°F (21°C) on the coast and in the high 60s°F (near 20°C) further inland. Winter temperatures are much less uniform in South Carolina. Coastal areas of the state have very mild winters with high temperatures approaching an average of 60°F (16°C) and overnight lows in the 40s°F (5-8°C). Further inland in the higher country, the average January overnight low can be below freezing. While precipitation is abundant the entire year in almost the entire state, near the coast tends to have a slightly wetter summer, while inland March tends to be the wettest month.

Snowfall in South Carolina is slight, with coastal areas receiving less than an inch (2.5 cm) on average. The coast (especially the southern coast) normally receives no recordable snowfall in a given year. The interior more often receives a little snow, although nowhere in the state averages more than 6 inches (15 cm) a year.

The state is prone to tropical cyclones and it is a yearly concern during hurricane season which is from June-November, although the peak time of vulnerability for the southeast Atlantic coast is from early August to early October when the Cape Verde hurricane season lasts. South Carolina averages around 50 days of thunderstorm activity a year, which is less than some of the states further south and is slightly less vulnerable to tornadoes than the states which border on the Gulf of Mexico. Still, some notable tornadoes have struck South Carolina and the state averages around 14 tornadoes annually.

History

Main article: History of South Carolina

The colony of Carolina was settled by English settlers, mostly from Barbados, sent by the Lords Proprietors in 1670, followed by French Huguenots. The Carolina upcountry was settled largely by Scots-Irish migrants from Pennsylvania and Virginia, following the Great Wagon Road. The formal colony of "The Carolinas" split into two in 1712. South Carolina became a royal colony in 1729.

Early exports such as indigo and rice, the latter based on labor and knowledge imported with slaves from West Africa made South Carolina one of the wealthiest colonies. Other trade, primarily with Great Britain included naval stores from the pine forests, beaver pelts and deer hides.

Native American tribes along the coast were decimated by disease after the first contact with Europeans, although tiny remnants of these tribes remain to this day, and have been recently officially recognized by the state. There were territorial conflicts with the larger inland tribes such as the Cherokees and the Chickasaws as population grew and moved inland.

The state declared its independence from Great Britain and set up its own government on March 15, 1776. On February 5, 1778, South Carolina became the first state to ratify the first constitution of the United States, the Articles of Confederation. South Carolina became the 8th state on May 23, 1788.

As a precursor to American Revolution, the British Navy attempted to capture Charles Town in 1776, but were unable to take the palmetto log fort that defended the harbor. This early victory, led by William Moltrie, stirred the colonial delegates in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] and helped ensure the passage of the Declaration of Independence. The British left to focus on the northern colonies, but returned in greater force in 1780 to capture Charles Town, including almost all the Continental troops in the South. The British quickly established control of the coastal region, and extended into most of the upstate with the aid of Loyalists. The Patriot governor John Rutledge was forced to flee into North Carolina; he and his aides with a printing press became effectively a government-in-exile.

Washington sent General Horatio Gates to rescue South Carolina, but he was defeated at the Battle of Camden on August 16, 1780, and the remnant of his forces retreated north. All of South Carolina at that point was effectively under the control of the British, except for the Williamsburg area which was controlled by Francis Marion and local militia forces. These forces harrassed the British and the Loyalist forces, using guerilla tactics, gradually enlarging their sphere of influence in northeastern South Carolina, and attracting Patriot support. A major victory of a combined milia force from both South and North Carolinas and (what would be) Tennessee, at the Battle of Kings Mountain on October 17, 1780 begain the process of recapturing the Piedmont. In December, Contininental troops under General Nathanial Greene arrived. Combined Coninental troops and militia then pushed the British out of the rest of the state into Charleston, which the British finally evacuated in 1782.

After the Revolution the state prospered greatly with the increase in the production and milling of cotton; in fact the agricultural crop became known as "King Cotton." The state became increasingly in conflict with the northern states over State's Rights, and with Abolitionists over slavery.

South Carolina was the first state to secede from the United States on December 20, 1860. On April 12, 1861, Confederate batteries began shelling Fort Sumter and the American Civil War began. Edmund Ruffin is usually credited with firing the first shot from Battery Park (Charleston). Charleston was effectively blockaded and the Union Navy seized the Sea Islands, driving off the plantation owners and setting up an experiment in freedom for the ex-slaves. South Carolina troops participated in the major Confederate campaigns, but no major battles were fought inland. General William Tecumseh Sherman marched through the state in early 1865, destroying numerous plantations. The state capital Columbia was abandoned by the Confederates and released prisoners and slaves set the downtown afire.

After the Civil War, South Carolina was reincorporated into the United States during Reconstruction. Under presidential Reconstruction (1865-66) Freedmen were given limited rights. Under Radical reconstruction (1867-1877), a Republican coalition of Freedmen, Carpetbaggers and Scalawags were in control, supported by Union army forces. The withdrawal of Union soldiers as part of the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction and brought an era where conservative white "[Redeemers]" and pro-business Bourbon Democrats were in control. The state became a hotbed of racial and economic tensions during the Populist and Agrarian movements of the 1890s. Blacks were disfranchised in 1890, and "Pitchfork Ben Tillman" controlled state politics from the 1890s to 1910 with a base among poor white farmers.