Primary hyperparathyroidism: Difference between revisions
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==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
The serum chloride phosphate ratio is high (33 or more) in most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. <ref name="pmid1155729">{{cite journal |author=Reeves CD, Palmer F, Bacchus H, Longerbeam JK |title=Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia by the chloride/phosphate ratio |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=166-71 |year=1975 |pmid=1155729 |doi=}}<br><blockquote>This study found a ratio above 33 to have a [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 94% and a [[specificity (tests)|specificity]] of 96%.</blockquote></ref><ref name="pmid4405880">{{cite journal |author=Palmer FJ, Nelson JC, Bacchus H |title=The chloride-phosphate ratio in hypercalcemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=200-4 |year=1974 |pmid=4405880 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid521012">{{cite journal |author=Broulík PD, Pacovský V |title=The chloride phosphate ratio as the screening test for primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Horm. Metab. Res. |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=577-9 |year=1979 |pmid=521012 |doi=}}<br><blockquote>This study found a ratio above 33 to have a [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 95% and a [[specificity (tests)|specificity]] of 100%.</blockquote></ref> However, [[thiazide]] medications have been reported to causes ratios above 33.<ref name="pmid6848626">{{cite journal |author=Lawler FH, Janssen HP |title=Chloride:phosphate ratio with hypercalcemia secondary to thiazide administration |journal=The Journal of family practice |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=153-4 |year=1983 |pmid=6848626 |doi=}}</ref> | The serum chloride phosphate ratio is high (33 or more) in most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. <ref name="pmid1155729">{{cite journal |author=Reeves CD, Palmer F, Bacchus H, Longerbeam JK |title=Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia by the chloride/phosphate ratio |journal=Am. J. Surg. |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=166-71 |year=1975 |pmid=1155729 |doi=}}<br><blockquote>This study found a ratio above 33 to have a [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 94% and a [[specificity (tests)|specificity]] of 96%.</blockquote></ref><ref name="pmid4405880">{{cite journal |author=Palmer FJ, Nelson JC, Bacchus H |title=The chloride-phosphate ratio in hypercalcemia |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=200-4 |year=1974 |pmid=4405880 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid521012">{{cite journal |author=Broulík PD, Pacovský V |title=The chloride phosphate ratio as the screening test for primary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Horm. Metab. Res. |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=577-9 |year=1979 |pmid=521012 |doi=}}<br><blockquote>This study found a ratio above 33 to have a [[sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]] of 95% and a [[specificity (tests)|specificity]] of 100%.</blockquote></ref> However, [[thiazide]] medications have been reported to causes ratios above 33.<ref name="pmid6848626">{{cite journal |author=Lawler FH, Janssen HP |title=Chloride:phosphate ratio with hypercalcemia secondary to thiazide administration |journal=The Journal of family practice |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=153-4 |year=1983 |pmid=6848626 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
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Revision as of 10:55, 13 November 2007
Diagnosis
The serum chloride phosphate ratio is high (33 or more) in most patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. [1][2][3] However, thiazide medications have been reported to causes ratios above 33.[4]
Treatment
Surgery
A consensus statement in 2002 recommended the following indications for surgery[5]:
- Serum calcium (above upper limit of normal): 1.0 mg/dl
- 24-h urinary calcium >400 mg
- Creatinine clearance reduced by 30% compared with age-matched subjects.
- Bone mineral density t-score <-2.5 at any site
- Age <50
More recently, three randomized controlled trial have studied the role of surgery in patients with asymptomatic hyperparathyroidism. The largest study reported that surgery showed increase in bone mass, but no improvement in quality of life after one to two years among patients with[6]:
- Untreated, asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism
- Serum calcium between 2.60 - 2.85 mmol/liter (10.4 - 11.4 mg/dl)
- Age between 50 and 80 yr
- No medications interfering with Ca metabolism
- No hyperparathyroid bone disease
- No previous operation in the neck
- Creatinine level < 130 µmol/liter (<1.47 mg/dl)
Two other trials reported improvements in bone density and some improvement in quality of life with surgery.[7][8]
References
- ↑ Reeves CD, Palmer F, Bacchus H, Longerbeam JK (1975). "Differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia by the chloride/phosphate ratio". Am. J. Surg. 130 (2): 166-71. PMID 1155729. [e]
This study found a ratio above 33 to have a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 96%.
- ↑ Palmer FJ, Nelson JC, Bacchus H (1974). "The chloride-phosphate ratio in hypercalcemia". Ann. Intern. Med. 80 (2): 200-4. PMID 4405880. [e]
- ↑ Broulík PD, Pacovský V (1979). "The chloride phosphate ratio as the screening test for primary hyperparathyroidism". Horm. Metab. Res. 11 (10): 577-9. PMID 521012. [e]
This study found a ratio above 33 to have a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100%.
- ↑ Lawler FH, Janssen HP (1983). "Chloride:phosphate ratio with hypercalcemia secondary to thiazide administration". The Journal of family practice 16 (1): 153-4. PMID 6848626. [e]
- ↑ Bilezikian JP, Potts JT, Fuleihan Gel-H, et al (2002). "Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (12): 5353-61. PMID 12466320. [e]
- ↑ Bollerslev J, Jansson S, Mollerup CL, et al (2007). "Medical observation, compared with parathyroidectomy, for asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized trial". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (5): 1687-92. DOI:10.1210/jc.2006-1836. PMID 17284629. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Ambrogini E, Cetani F, Cianferotti L, et al (2007). "Surgery or surveillance for mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective, randomized clinical trial". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 (8): 3114-21. DOI:10.1210/jc.2007-0219. PMID 17535997. Research Blogging.
- ↑ Rao DS, Phillips ER, Divine GW, Talpos GB (2004). "Randomized controlled clinical trial of surgery versus no surgery in patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (11): 5415-22. DOI:10.1210/jc.2004-0028. PMID 15531491. Research Blogging.
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