imported>James F. Perry |
imported>David E. Volk |
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| In 1999, the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] was established to deal with the increasing problem of doping in the sports world and follows three fundamental principals, protecting the health of athletes, respecting medical and sports ethics, and ensuring equality for all athletes. The list of '''drugs banned from the Olympics'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2008_List_En.pdf|title=World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited drugs (Effective Jan. 1, 2008)|accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> is determined by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]. The banned substances and techniques fall into the following categories: [[androgenic agents]], [[blood doping]], [[peptide hormone]]s, [[stimulant]]s, [[diuretic]]s, [[narcotic]]s and [[cannabinoid]]s. The use of alcohol ([[ethanol]]) is banned in selected sports only during actual competition. | | In 1999, the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] was established to deal with the increasing problem of doping in the sports world and follows three fundamental principals, protecting the health of athletes, respecting medical and sports ethics, and ensuring equality for all athletes. The list of '''drugs banned from the Olympics'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2008_List_En.pdf|title=World Anti-Doping Agency's list of prohibited drugs (Effective Jan. 1, 2008)|accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> is determined by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]. The banned substances and techniques fall into the following categories: [[androgenic agents]], [[blood doping]], [[peptide hormone]]s, [[stimulant]]s, [[diuretic]]s, [[narcotic]]s and [[cannabinoid]]s. The use of alcohol ([[ethanol]]) is banned in selected sports only during actual competition. |
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| == Banned androgenic agents ==
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| Banned androgenic agents are either anabolic steroids or Beta-2 agonists. Androgenic steroids increase testosterone and epitestosterone, improving muscle strength and endurance. Andro, DHEA, [[stanozolol]], [[testosterone]] and [[nandrolone]], or derivates (see below) are banned drugs in this category. Other banned androgenic agents include [[bambuterol]], [[clenbuterol]], [[salbutamol]], [[tibolone]], [[zeranol]], [[zilpaterol]] and selective androgen receptor modulators.
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| ===Exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids ===
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| This is the complete list of exogenous (non-natural) androgenic agents banned as of January 1, 2008:
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| {{col-break|width=50%}}
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| * [[1-androstendiol]]
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| * [[1-androstendione]]
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| * [[bolandiol]]
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| * [[bolasterone]]
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| * [[boldenone]]
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| * [[boldione]]
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| * [[calusterone]]
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| * [[clostebol]]
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| * [[danazol]]
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| * [[dehydrochlormethyltestosterone]]
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| * [[dexosymethytestosterone]]
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| * [[drostanolone]]
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| * [[ethylestrenol]]
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| * [[fluoxymesterone]]
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| * [[formebolone]]
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| * [[furazabol]]
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| * [[gestrinone]]
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| * [[4-hydroxytestosterone]]
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| * [[mestanolone]]
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| * [[mesterolone]]
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| * [[mestenolone]]
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| * [[methandienone]]
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| * [[methandriol]]
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| * [[methasterone]]
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| * [[methyldienolone]])
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| * [[methyl-1-testosterone]]
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| * [[methylnortestosterone]]
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| * [[methyltrienolone]]
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| * [[methyltestosterone]]
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| * [[mibolerone]]
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| * [[nandrolone]]
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| * [[19-norandrostenedione]]
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| * [[norboletone]]
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| * [[norclostebol]]
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| * [[norethandrolone]]
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| * [[oxabolone]]
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| * [[oxandrolone]]
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| * [[oxymesterone]]
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| * [[oxymetholone]]
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| * [[prostanozol]]
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| * [[quinbolone]]
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| * [[stanozolol]]
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| * [[stenbolone]]
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| * [[1-testosterone]]
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| * [[tetrahydrogestrinone]]
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| * [[trenbolone]]
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| {{col-end}}
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| Drugs with similar structures and biological activity are also banned because new designer drugs of this sort are always being developed in order to beat the drug tests.
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|
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| === Endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids ===
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| * [[androstenediol]]
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| * [[androstenedione]]
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| * [[dihydrotestosterone]]
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| * [[prasterone]] (dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA)
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| * [[testosterone]]
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| ==== Metabolites and isomers ====
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| {{col-break|width=50%}}
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| * 5<math>\alpha</math>-androstane-3<math>\alpha</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| * 5<math>\alpha</math>-androstane-3<math>\alpha</math>,17<math>\beta</math>-diol
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| * 5<math>\alpha</math>-androstane-3<math>\beta</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| * 5<math>\alpha</math>-androstane-3<math>\beta</math>,17<math>\beta</math>-diol
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| * androst-4-ene-3<math>\alpha</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| * androst-4-ene-3<math>\alpha</math>,17<math>\beta</math>-diol
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| * androst-4-ene-3<math>\beta</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| * androst-4-ene-3<math>\beta</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| * androst-5-ene-3<math>\alpha</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| {{col-break|width=50%}}
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| * androst-5-ene-3<math>\alpha</math>,17<math>\beta</math>-diol
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| * androst-5-ene-3<math>\beta</math>,17<math>\alpha</math>-diol
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| * [[4-androstenediol]]
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| * [[5-androstenedione]]
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| * [[epi-dihydrotestosterone]]
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| * 3<math>\alpha</math>-hydroxy-5<math>\alpha</math>-androstan-17-one
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| * 3<math>\beta</math>-hydroxy-5<math>\alpha</math>-androstan-17-one
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| * [[19-norandrosterone]]
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| * [[19-noretiocholanolone]]
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| {{col-end}}
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| Blood doping is the injection of red blood cells, related blood products that contain red blood cells, or artificial oxgyen containers. This is done by storing blood prior to competition and injecting immediately before competition to improve oxygen transport and athletic endurance.
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| == Hormones and related substances ==
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| Peptide hormones increase bulk, stength, and oxygen-carrying red blood cells. The peptide hormones [[erythropoietin]] (EPO), [[growth hormone]] (hGH), [[Insulin-like growth factor]]s ([[IGF-1]], etc.), [[Mechano growth factor]]s (MGFs), [[chorionic gonadatrophin]] (banned in men only), [[somatotrophin]] (growth hormone), [[insulin]]s and [[corticotrophin]]s, [[corticosteroid]] mimics, and their releasing factor, are banned.
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| === Beta-2 agonists ===
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| All beta-2 agonists and their D- and L- isomers, are banned. However, [[formoterol]], [[salbutamol]], [[slmeterol]] and [[terbualine]] may be used with a "therapeutic use exemption", only in the inhaled form.
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| === Hormone antagonists and modulators ===
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| All [[aromatase inhibitor]]s, including but not limited to, [[anastrozole]], [[letrozole]], [[aminoglutethimide]], [[exemestane]], [[formestane]] and [[testolactone]] are banned. [[Selective estrogen receptor modulator]]s, including but not limited to [[raloxifene]], [[tamoxifen]] and [[toremifene]] are banned. [[Clomiphene]], [[cyclofenil]], [[fulvestrant]] and all other anti-estrogenic substances are banned. [[Myostatin inhibitor]]s are banned.
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| == Stimulants ==
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| Stimulants directly affect the central nervous system, increasing blood flow and heart rate. Stimulants that are banned include [[amphetamine]]s, [[beta-2 agonist]]s, [[ephedrine]], [[pseudoephedrine]], [[fencamfamine]], [[cocaine]], [[methamphetamine]]s, [[mesocarb]] and other substances with similar chemical structures and biological effects, including, but not limited to, the following.
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| * [[Adrafinil]]
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| * [[Adrenaline]] (local use allowed)
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| * [[amfepramone]]
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| * [[amiphenazole]]
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| * [[amphetamine]]
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| * [[amphetaminil]]
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| * [[benphetamine]]
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| * [[benzylepiperazine]]
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| * [[bromantan]]
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| * [[cathine]] (5 ug/ml urine limit)
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| * [[clobenzorex]]
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| * [[cocaine]]
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| * [[cropropamide]]
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| * [[crotetamide]]
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| * [[cyclazodone]]
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| * [[dimethylamphetamine]]
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| * [[ephedrine]]
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| * [[etamivan]]
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| * [[etilamphetamine]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| * [[etilefrine]]
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| * [[famprofazone]]
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| * [[fenbutrazate]]
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| * [[fencamfamin]]
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| * [[fencamine]]
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| * [[fenetylline]]
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| * [[fenfluramine]]
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| * [[fenproporex]]
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| * [[furfenorex]]
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| * [[heptaminol]]
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| * [[isometheptene]]
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| * [[levmethamfetamine]]
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| * [[meclofenoxate]]
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| * [[mefenorex]]
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| * [[mephentermine]]
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| * [[mesocarb]]
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| * [[methamphetamine (D-)]]
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| * [[methylenedioxyamphetamine]]
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| * [[methylephedrine]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| * [[methylphenidate]]
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| * [[modafinil]]
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| * [[nikethamide]]
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| * [[norfenefrine]]
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| * [[norfenfluramine]]
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| * [[octopamine]]
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| * [[ortetamine]]
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| * [[oxilofrine]]
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| * [[parahydroxyamphetamine]]
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| * [[pemoline]]
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| * [[pentetrazol]]
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| * [[phendimetrazine]] (carphedon)
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| * [[prolintane]]
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| * [[propylhexedrine]]
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| * [[selegiline]]
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| * [[sibutramine]]
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| * [[strychnine]]
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| * [[tuaminoheptane]]
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| {{col-end}}
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|
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| == Diuretics and masking agents ==
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| Diuretics (and masking agents) are banned for two reasons. First, by decreasing water retention and thus weight, an important consideration in many speed sports, they increase the speed of athletes. Secondly, increase urine production depletes the presence of other drug metabolites, making their detection more difficult.
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| ===Diuretics ===
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| The following diuretics, and chemicals with similar structure or biological activity are banned.
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| * [[acetazolamide]]
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| * [[amiloride]]
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| * [[bendroflumethiazide]]
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| * [[chlothiazide]]
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| * [[furosemide]]
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| * [[hydrochlorothiazide]]
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| * [[indapamide]]
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| * [[metolazone]]
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| * [[spironolactone]]
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| * [[triamterene]]
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|
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| == Narcotics and cannabinoids ==
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| Narcotic analgesics decrease the sensation of serious injuries, allowing athletes to continue training or competition after serious injuries. While some pain killers are allowed, including [[codeine]], the following are banned:
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| * [[buprenorphine]]
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| * [[dextromoramide]]
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| * [[diamorphine]] (heroin)
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| * [[fentanyl]] and its derivatives
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| * [[methadone]]
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| * [[morphine]]
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| * [[oxycodone]]
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| * [[oxymorphone]]
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| * [[pentazocine]]
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| * [[pethidine]].
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| {{col-end}}
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| The cannabinoids marijuana and hashish are also banned.
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| == Glucocorticoids ==
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| The administration of any [[glucorticoid]] orally, rectally, intraveniously or intramuscularly is prohibited and requires a therapeutic use exemption. Topical uses of glucocorticoids does not require an exemption.
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|
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| == Beta blockers ==
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| [[Beta blockers]] are prohibited only during competition, in selected sports. The prohibited beta blockers include, but are not limited to:
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| * [[acebutolol]]
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| * [[alprenolol]]
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| * [[atenolol]]
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| * [[betaxolol]]
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| * [[bisoprolol]]
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| * [[bunolol]]
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| * [[carteolol]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| * [[carvedilol]]
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| * [[celiprolol]]
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| * [[esmolol]]
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| * [[labetalol]]
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| * [[levobunolol]]
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| * [[metpranolol]]
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| * [[metoprolol]]
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| {{col-break|width=33%}}
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| * [[nadolol]]
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| * [[oxprenolol]]
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| * [[pindolol]]
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| * [[propranolol]]
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| * [[sotalol]]
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| * [[timolol]]
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| {{col-end}}
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| == References and notes ==
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| <references/>
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