Crash of 1929

The sharp fall in the share prices quoted on the New York Stock Exchange, that came to be known as the crash of 1929, started shortly after the downturn in economic activity known as the Great Depression and is believed to have contributed to its severity. The fall continued until the beginning of the recovery in economic activity in 1933, by which time average prices had shrunk to no more than 15 per cent of their 1929 peak.

The once popular view that categorised the crash as the bursting of a speculative "bubble" has since been replaced by a consensus among economists that it was the consequence of mistaken monetary policies.

The stock exchange crash

The crash marked the end of a period of eight increasingly prosperous years, known as the "roaring twenties": a period of above-average growth of national income, exceptionally rapid growth in corporate earnings, and even more rapid growth in stock exchange prices. That trend intensified in the latter years, with stock prices rising from about 10 times corporate earnings in 1928 to 15 times or more in 1929. Then, in the June of 1929, industrial activity began a decline that continued throughout the rest of the year, and, in a few days in the autumn of 1929, the average share price on the New York stock exchange dropped by a staggering 30 per cent.

There have been many day-by-day accounts of that dramatic occurrence, notably that of John Kenneth Galbraith , who referred to it as " the typhoon that blew out of lower Manhattan in October 1929". The savings of a great number of people were wiped out, the reputations of some eminent authorities were damaged and there were a few well-publicised suicides

What followed in the ensuing years was the result of mutual interactions between the behaviour of investors on the stock exchange and the economic downturn; and its eventual outcome was the loss by 1933 of about 90 per cent of the former value of United States equities .

Explanations

It is generally agreed that most investors would not have been alarmed by the downturn in industrial activity that had preceded the initial crash, but that awareness of the more severe downturn in subsequent years must have contributed to the continuing fall in prices. What is not generally agreed upon is the cause of the initial crash. The conventional explanation has, for many years, been that it was caused by the bursting of a speculative bubble, implying that stocks were priced above their real value in 1929 . Evidence to the contrary has since emerged , and Federal Reserve Board Chairman (and author of scholarly works on the period) Ben Bernanke has endorsed the conclusion that the crash was not the consequence of speculation . Most economists now accept Milton Friedman's contention that the crash was caused by the perverse application of monetary policy by the Federal Reserve Board .

Consequences

Despite the evidence concerning the sequence of events some commentators are still incline to the view that the crash of 1929 caused the Great Depression. That was not the view taken by John Kenneth Galbraith, but he did say that "had the economy been fundamentally sound, the effect of the great stock market crash might have been small" , a remark that implies that he considered it to have made a major contribution to the severity of the great depression. The discussion of the factors contributing to the great depression in the article on that subject throws further light on that assessment.