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=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
=== Article of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:Article of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
[[Image:Stentor_reading.jpg|thumb|150px|1901 photograph of a stentor (announcer) at the Budapest ''Telefon Hirmondó''.]]'''[[Telephone newspaper]]''' is a general term for the [[telephone]]-based news and entertainment services which were introduced beginning in the 1890s, and primarily located in large European cities. These systems were the first example of [[electronic]] [[broadcasting]], and offered a wide variety of programming, however, only a relative few were ever established. Although these systems predated the invention of [[radio]], they were supplanted by radio broadcasting stations beginning in the 1920s, primarily because radio signals were able to cover much wider areas with higher quality audio.
[[Image:Sachisholmmodified.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Shirley Chisholm]]'''[[[Shirley Anita Chisholm]]]''' (1924-2005) was an [[United States|American]] political figure who served in the [[House of Representatives]] from 1969 to 1983, representing [[New York]]'s 12th Congressional District. She was the first [[African-American]] woman to serve as a [[United States Congress|congressional representative]] in the United States. Chisholm was a member of the [[Democratic Party]]. She unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination for [[U.S. Presidents|presidency]] in 1972. During her colorful and controversial career, Chisholm was renowned for her political [[liberalism]] and her advocacy of rights and equality for the underprivileged people, such as African-Americans, the poverty-stricken, and women.
<font size=1>[[Telephone newspaper|['''more...''']]]</font>
<font size=1>[[Shirley Chisholm|['''more...''']]]</font>


=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
=== New Draft of the Week <font size=1>[ [[CZ:New Draft of the Week|about]] ]</font> ===
'''[[Cosmology]]''' is a branch of [[astronomy]] and of [[metaphysics]] committed to the study of the universe as a whole, of the contents, structure, and evolution of the universe from the beginning of time to the future.
[[Image:Luther-Cranach.jpg|thumb|150px]]'''Martin Luther''' (1483-1546), German religious reformer and theologian began the [[Protestantism|Protestant Reformation]] and founded the Lutheran Church as a branch of [[Christianity]] dominant in Germany. There were many different independent German-speaking countries with different rulers; collectively they were called "Germany" and Scandinavia. Previous reform movements in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] were small-scale and did not disrupt the medieval Church. Luther was the first to definitively break the unity of Roman Catholic Christendom. His Lutheran Church broke with the pope, but became subservient to the state. He reshaped German religious culture through rejection of Catholic liturgy and celibacy; he created a new Lutheran liturgy using his very popular hymns and his translation of the Bible into German helped to shape the German language.
 
<font size=1>[[Martin Luther|['''more...''']]]</font>
As a branch of two very old endeavours of humanity, the study of the sky and the origins of the world, it embraces numerous related inquiries concerned with the world we live in and, to the extent it could be imagined and observed, the universe. As a branch of metaphysics it attained some prominence when [[Christian von Wolffe]] published ''Discursus Praeliminaris de Philosophia in Genere'' (1728). Von Wolff placed cosmology in his classification scheme of the main areas of philosophy, distinguishing cosmology from [[ontology]], [[theology]] and [[psychology]], essentially making it a distinctive field of philosophy unto itself. As a philosphy, its nature has been disputed over time since von Wolff but it can be said that generally, it is thought to encompass humanity's experience in, and the nature of, the physical world. As a science, it encompasses the work of observational astronomy and theoretical physics as scholars in both fields attempt to describe and explain the physical universe. Cosmology, as a science, attempts to construct models of the physical universe from observational data which are then tested. Cosmology, as metaphysics, involves a priori investigations of a rational cosmology and the conceptual and categorical analyses of the speculative philosopher.
<font size=1>[[Cosmology|['''more...''']]]</font>
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Article of the Week [ about ]

Shirley Chisholm
[[[Shirley Anita Chisholm]]] (1924-2005) was an American political figure who served in the House of Representatives from 1969 to 1983, representing New York's 12th Congressional District. She was the first African-American woman to serve as a congressional representative in the United States. Chisholm was a member of the Democratic Party. She unsuccessfully ran for the Democratic nomination for presidency in 1972. During her colorful and controversial career, Chisholm was renowned for her political liberalism and her advocacy of rights and equality for the underprivileged people, such as African-Americans, the poverty-stricken, and women.

[more...]

New Draft of the Week [ about ]

Luther-Cranach.jpg
Martin Luther (1483-1546), German religious reformer and theologian began the Protestant Reformation and founded the Lutheran Church as a branch of Christianity dominant in Germany. There were many different independent German-speaking countries with different rulers; collectively they were called "Germany" and Scandinavia. Previous reform movements in the Roman Catholic Church were small-scale and did not disrupt the medieval Church. Luther was the first to definitively break the unity of Roman Catholic Christendom. His Lutheran Church broke with the pope, but became subservient to the state. He reshaped German religious culture through rejection of Catholic liturgy and celibacy; he created a new Lutheran liturgy using his very popular hymns and his translation of the Bible into German helped to shape the German language.

[more...]

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