Nuclear magnetic resonance/Catalogs/Magnetic nuclei: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
imported>David E. Volk (finito? Chem/Phys editors any input?) |
imported>David E. Volk (little more verbage) |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[NMR|Nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) and [[MRI|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei. That is, those elements with [[nuclear spin]]. In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutroms are '''not''' both even will be magnetically active. When placed in a very strong magnet <!---, possibly superconducting,---> these atomic nuclei will have multiple energy states whose energy differences are dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field. By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the [[radio frequency]] range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state. A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state. The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy. Only three chemical elements with atomic numbers less than [[Bismuth]] (Z=81) do not have magnetically active isotopes: [[Argon]], [[Cesium]] and | [[NMR|Nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) and [[MRI|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei. That is, those elements with non-zero [[nuclear spin]]. Although nuclear spin (or angular momentum) is listed as a single variable, it is the sum of angular momemtums of the protons and the neutrons. In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutroms are '''not''' both even will be magnetically active because the spins of the individual [[nucleons]] do not cancel each other out completely. When placed in a very strong magnet <!---, possibly superconducting,---> these atomic nuclei will have multiple energy states whose energy differences are dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field. By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the [[radio frequency]] range of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state. A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state. The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy. Only three chemical elements with atomic numbers less than [[Bismuth]] (Z=81) do not have magnetically active isotopes: [[Argon]], [[Cesium]] and | ||
[[Promethium]]. | [[Promethium]]. | ||
Revision as of 09:25, 19 October 2007
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) spectroscopy both exploit magnetically active atomic nuclei. That is, those elements with non-zero nuclear spin. Although nuclear spin (or angular momentum) is listed as a single variable, it is the sum of angular momemtums of the protons and the neutrons. In general, all atoms whose numbers of protons and numbers of neutroms are not both even will be magnetically active because the spins of the individual nucleons do not cancel each other out completely. When placed in a very strong magnet these atomic nuclei will have multiple energy states whose energy differences are dependent on the strength of the magnetic field. In the simplest case where the nuclear spin = 1/2, the spin can be aligned with or against the field. By exciting the nuclei with energy, typically in the radio frequency range of the electromagnetic spectrum, the lowest energy state is excited to a higher energy state. A signal, call the free induction decay (FID) is then measured as the excited state relaxes back to the lower energy state. The table below lists the isotope(s) of elements that have nuclear spin and therefore may be used in NMR or MRI spectroscopy. Only three chemical elements with atomic numbers less than Bismuth (Z=81) do not have magnetically active isotopes: Argon, Cesium and Promethium.
| Element/Name | Isotope Symbol | Nuclear Spin | Sensitivity vs. 1H |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | 1H | 1/2 | 1.000000 |
| Deuterium | 2H or D | 1 | 1.44 e-6 |
| Tritium | 3H | 1/2 | - |
| Helium-3 | 3He | -1/2 | - |
| Lithium-6 | 6Li | 1 | 0.000628 |
| Lithium-7 | 7Li | 3/2 | 0.270175 |
| Beryllium-9 | 9Be | -3/2 | 0.013825 |
| Boron-10 | 10B | 3 | 0.00386 |
| Boron-11 | 11B | 3/2 | 0.132281 |
| Carbon-13 | 13C | 1/2 | 0.000175 |
| Nitrogen-14 | 14N | 1 | 0.000998 |
| Nitrogen-15 | 15N | -1/2 | 3.84E-06 |
| Oxygen-17 | 17O | -5/2 | 1.07E-05 |
| Fluorine-19 | 19F | 1/2 | 0.829825 |
| Neon-21 | 21Ne | -3/2 | 6.3E-06 |
| Sodium-23 | 23Na | 3/2 | 0.092105 |
| Magnesium-25 | 25Mg | -5/2 | 0.00027 |
| Aluminum-27 | 27Al | 5/2 | 0.205263 |
| Silicon-29 | 29Si | -1/2 | 0.000367 |
| Phosphorus-31 | 31P | 1/2 | 0.06614 |
| Sulfur-33 | 33S | 3/2 | 1.71E-05 |
| Chlorine-33 | 33Cl | 3/2 | 0.003544 |
| Chlorine-37 | 37Cl | 3/2 | 0.000661 |
| Potassium-39 | 39K | 3/2 | 0.000472 |
| Potassium-41 | 41K | 3/2 | 5.75E-06 |
| Calcium-43 | 43K | -7/2 | 9.25E-06 |
| Scandium-45 | 45Sc | 7/2 | 0.3 |
| Titanium-47 | 47Ti | -5/2 | 0.00015 |
| Titanium-49 | 49Ti | -7/2 | 0.00021 |
| Vanadium-50 | 50V | 6 | 0.00013 |
| Vanadium-51 | 51V | 7/2 | 0.37895 |
| Chromium-53 | 53Cr | -3/2 | 8.6E-05 |
| Manganese-55 | 55Mn | 5/2 | 0.174386 |
| Iron-57 | 57Fe | 1/2 | 7.37E-07 |
| Cobolt-59 | 59Co | 7/2 | 0.275439 |
| Nickel-61 | 61Ni | -3/2 | 4.21E-05 |
| Copper-63 | 63Cu | 3/2 | 0.064035 |
| Copper-65 | 65Cu | 3/2 | 0.035263 |
| Zinc-67 | 67Zn | 5/2 | 0.000117 |
| Gallium-69 | 69Ga | 3/2 | 0.041579 |
| Gallium-71 | 71Ga | 3/2 | 0.055965 |
| Germanium-73 | 73Ge | -9/2 | 0.000108 |
| Arsenic-75 | 75As | 3/2 | 0.025088 |
| Selenium-77 | 77Se | 1/2 | 0.000523 |
| Bromine-79 | 79Br | 3/2 | 0.039649 |
| Bromine-81 | 81Br | 3/2 | 0.048596 |
| Krypton-83 | 83Kr | -9/2 | 0.000216 |
| Rubidium-85 | 85Rb | 5/2 | 0.007544 |
| Rubidium-87 | 87Rb | 3/2 | 0.048596 |
| Strontium-87 | 87Sr | -9/2 | 0.000188 |
| Yttrium-89 | 89Y | -1/2 | 0.00012 |
| Zirconium-91 | 91Zr | -5/2 | 0.00106 |
| Niobium-93 | 93Nb | 9/2 | 0.4807 |
| Molybdenum-95 | 95Mo | 5/2 | 0.00051 |
| Molybdenum-97 | 97Mo | -5/2 | 0.00032 |
| Technetium-99 | 99Tc | 9/2 | 0.374386 |
| Ruthenium-99 | 99Ru | -5/2 | 0.000146 |
| Ruthenium-101 | 101Ru | -5/2 | 0.000274 |
| Rhodium-103 | 103Rh | -1/2 | 3.11E-05 |
| Paladium-105 | 105Pd | -5/2 | 0.000247 |
| Silver-107 | 107Ag | -1/2 | 3.245E-05 |
| Silver-109 | 109Ag | -1/2 | 4.84E-05 |
| Cadmium-111 | 111Cd | -1/2 | 0.001216 |
| Cadmium-113 | 113Cd | -1/2 | 0.001313 |
| Indium-113 | 113In | 9/2 | 0.014702 |
| Indium-115 | 113In | 9/2 | 0.331579 |
| Tin-117 | 117Sn | -1/2 | 0.003428 |
| Tin-119 | 119Sn | -1/2 | 0.004421 |
| Antimony-121 | 121Sb | 5/2 | 0.091228 |
| Antimony-123 | 123Sb | 7/2 | 0.019474 |
| Tellurium-123 | 123Te | -1/2 | 0.000156 |
| Tellurium-125 | 125Te | 5/2 | 0.002193 |
| Iodine-127 | 127I | 5/2 | 0.092982 |
| Xenon-129 | 129Xe | -1/2 | 0.005579 |
| Xenon-131 | 131Xe | 3/2 | 0.000581 |
| Cesium-133 | 133Cs | 7/2 | 0.047193 |
| Barium-135 | 135Ba | 3/2 | 0.000316 |
| Barium-137 | 137Ba | 3/2 | 0.000774 |
| Lanthinum-139 | 139La | 7/2 | 0.05895 |
| Praseodymium-141 | 141Pr | 5/2 | 0.29825 |
| Neodymium-143 | 143Nd | -7/2 | 0.0004 |
| Neodymium-145 | 145Nd | -7/2 | 6.5E-05 |
| Samarium-147 | 147Sm | -7/2 | 2.21E-05 |
| Samarium-149 | 147Sm | -7/2 | 0.000104 |
| Europium-151 | 151Eu | 5/2 | 0.084211 |
| Europium-153 | 153Eu | 5/2 | 0.007895 |
| Gadolidium-155 | 155Gd | -3/2 | 0.03.51E-05 |
| Gadolidium-157 | 157Gd | -3/2 | 8.42E-05 |
| Terbium-159 | 159Tb | 3/2 | 0.057895 |
| Dysprosium-161 | 161Dy | -5/2 | 7.95E-05 |
| Dysprosium-163 | 163Dy | 5/2 | 0.000281 |
| Holmium-165 | 165Ho | 7/2 | 0.175439 |
| Erbiumm-167 | 167Er | -7/2 | 0.000116 |
| Thulium-169 | 169Tm | -1/2 | 0.000561 |
| Ytterbium-171 | 171Yb | 1/2 | 0.000711 |
| Ytterbium-173 | 173Yb | -5/2 | 0.0002 |
| Lutetium-175 | 175Lu | 7/2 | 0.027386 |
| Lutetium-176 | 176Lu | 7 | 0.000902 |
| Halfnium-177 | 177Hf | 7/2 | 0.00015 |
| Halfnium-179 | 179Hf | -9/2 | 4.7E-05 |
| Tantalum-181 | 181Ta | 7/2 | 0.03579 |
| Tungsten-183 | 183W | 1/2 | 1E-05 |
| Rhenium-185 | 185Re | 5/2 | 0.049123 |
| Rhenium-187 | 187Re | 5/2 | 0.085965 |
| Osmium-187 | 187Os | 1/2 | 2E-07 |
| Osmium-189 | 189Os | 3/2 | 0.000374 |
| Iridium-191 | 191Ir | 3/2 | 4E-06 |
| Iridium-193 | 193Ir | 3/2 | 8.77E-06 |
| Platinum-195 | 195Pt | 1/2 | 0.003351 |
| Gold-197 | 197Au | 3/2 | 1.05E-05 |
| Mercury-199 | 199Hg | 1/2 | 0.000951 |
| Mercury-201 | 201Hg | -3/2 | 0.000189 |
| Titanium-203 | 203Ti | 1/2 | 0.050702 |
| Titanium-205 | 205Ti | 1/2 | 0.134912 |
| Lead-207 | 207Pb | 1/2 | 0.00207 |
| Bismuth-209 | 209Bi | 9/2 | 0.136316 |
| Uranium-235 | 235Ur | -7/2 | - |
| Plutonium-239 | 239Pu | 1/2 | - |
| Americium-243 | 243Am | 5/2 | - |