United States Secretary of the Treasury: Difference between revisions

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The first and most influential secretary was [[Alexander Hamilton]] (1789-1794), who established the new nation's finances on a sound bases, and to provide political support created the world's first voter-based political party, the [[Federalist Party]], using the Treasury's national network of supporters.  
The first and most influential secretary was [[Alexander Hamilton]] (1789-1794), who established the new nation's finances on a sound bases, and to provide political support created the world's first voter-based political party, the [[Federalist Party]], using the Treasury's national network of supporters.  
The Secretary shares with the Chairman of the [[Federal Reserve System]] the status as the most powerful decision-maker in financial policy.<ref> The "Treasurer of the United States" is a separate position, mostly honorific and without power. The Treasurer and Secretary both have their cuignature on paper currency.</ref>


In most countries this position is generally known as the [[Minister of Finance]]; Britain calls it the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]. The Secretary is fifth in the [[Presidential Line of Succession|line of succession]] to the Presidency. The current Secretary is [[Henry Paulson]].  
In most countries this position is generally known as the [[Minister of Finance]]; Britain calls it the [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]. The Secretary is fifth in the [[Presidential Line of Succession|line of succession]] to the Presidency. The current Secretary is [[Henry Paulson]].  
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! '''name''' !! '''term(s) and appointing President'''
! '''name''' !! '''term(s) and appointing President'''
|-
|-
| [[Alexander Hamilton]]<br>[[New York]] ||  
| [[Alexander Hamilton]]<br>New York ||  
{|
{|
| Sept. 11, 1789 || Jan. 31, 1795 || [[George Washington]]
| Sept. 11, 1789 || Jan. 31, 1795 || [[George Washington]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Oliver Wolcott Jr.]]<br>[[Connecticut]] ||  
| [[Oliver Wolcott Jr.]]<br>Connecticut ||  
{|
{|
| Feb. 3, 1795 || Mar. 3, 1797 || [[George Washington]]
| Feb. 3, 1795 || Mar. 3, 1797 || [[George Washington]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Samuel Dexter]]<br>[[Massachusetts]] ||
| [[Samuel Dexter]]<br>Massachusetts ||
{|
{|
| Jan. 1, 1801 || Mar. 3, 1801 || [[John Adams]]
| Jan. 1, 1801 || Mar. 3, 1801 || [[John Adams]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Albert Gallatin]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[Albert Gallatin]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| May 14, 1801 || Mar. 3, 1809 || [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| May 14, 1801 || Mar. 3, 1809 || [[Thomas Jefferson]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[George W. Campbell]]<br>[[Tennessee]] ||
| [[George W. Campbell]]<br>Tennessee ||
{|
{|
| Feb. 9, 1814 || Sept. 26, 1814  || [[James Madison]]
| Feb. 9, 1814 || Sept. 26, 1814  || [[James Madison]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Alexander J. Dallas]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[Alexander J. Dallas]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| Oct. 6, 1814 || Oct. 21, 1816  || [[James Madison]]
| Oct. 6, 1814 || Oct. 21, 1816  || [[James Madison]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[William H. Crawford]]<br>[[Georgia]] ||
| [[William H. Crawford]]<br>Georgia ||
{|
{|
| Oct. 22, 1816 || Mar. 3, 1817  || [[James Madison]]
| Oct. 22, 1816 || Mar. 3, 1817  || [[James Madison]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Richard Rush]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[Richard Rush]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 7, 1825 || Mar. 3, 1829 || [[John Quincy Adams]]
| Mar. 7, 1825 || Mar. 3, 1829 || [[John Quincy Adams]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Samuel D. Ingham]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[Samuel D. Ingham]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 6, 1829 || Jun. 20, 1831 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
| Mar. 6, 1829 || Jun. 20, 1831 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Louis McLane]]<br>[[Delaware]] ||
| [[Louis McLane]]<br>Delaware ||
{|
{|
| Aug. 8, 1831 || May 29, 1833 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
| Aug. 8, 1831 || May 29, 1833 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[William J. Duane]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[William J. Duane]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| May 29, 1833 || Sep. 23, 1833 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
| May 29, 1833 || Sep. 23, 1833 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Roger B. Taney]]<br>[[Maryland]] ||
| [[Roger B. Taney]]<br>Maryland ||
{|
{|
| Sep. 23, 1833 || Jun. 24, 1834 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
| Sep. 23, 1833 || Jun. 24, 1834 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Levi Woodbury]]<br>[[New Hampshire]] ||
| [[Levi Woodbury]]<br>New Hampshire ||
{|
{|
| Jul. 1, 1834 || Mar. 3, 1837 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
| Jul. 1, 1834 || Mar. 3, 1837 || [[Andrew Jackson]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Thomas Ewing]]<br>[[Ohio]] ||
| [[Thomas Ewing]]<br>Ohio ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 5, 1841 || Apr. 4, 1841 || [[William Henry Harrison]]
| Mar. 5, 1841 || Apr. 4, 1841 || [[William Henry Harrison]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Walter Forward]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[Walter Forward]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| Sep. 13, 1841 || Mar. 1, 1843 || [[John Tyler]]
| Sep. 13, 1841 || Mar. 1, 1843 || [[John Tyler]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[John C. Spencer]]<br>[[New York]] ||
| [[John C. Spencer]]<br>New York ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 8, 1843 || May 2, 1844 || [[John Tyler]]
| Mar. 8, 1843 || May 2, 1844 || [[John Tyler]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[George M. Bibb]]<br>[[Kentucky]] ||
| [[George M. Bibb]]<br>Kentucky ||
{|
{|
| Jul. 4, 1844 || Mar. 3, 1845 || [[John Tyler]]
| Jul. 4, 1844 || Mar. 3, 1845 || [[John Tyler]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Robert J. Walker]]<br>[[Mississippi]] ||
| [[Robert J. Walker]]<br>Mississippi ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 8, 1845 || Mar. 3, 1849 || [[James Polk]]
| Mar. 8, 1845 || Mar. 3, 1849 || [[James Polk]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[William M. Meredith]]<br>[[Pennsylvania]] ||
| [[William M. Meredith]]<br>Pennsylvania ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 8, 1849 || Jul. 9, 1850 || Taylor
| Mar. 8, 1849 || Jul. 9, 1850 || Taylor
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Thomas Corwin]]<br>[[Ohio]] ||
| [[Thomas Corwin]]<br>Ohio ||
{|
{|
| Jul. 23, 1850 || Mar. 3, 1853 || [[Millard Fillmore]]
| Jul. 23, 1850 || Mar. 3, 1853 || [[Millard Fillmore]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[James Guthrie]]<br>[[Kentucky]] ||
| [[James Guthrie]]<br>Kentucky ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 7, 1853 || Mar. 3, 1857 || [[Franklin Pierce]]
| Mar. 7, 1853 || Mar. 3, 1857 || [[Franklin Pierce]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Howell Cobb]]<br>[[Georgia]] ||
| [[Howell Cobb]]<br>Georgia ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 7, 1857 || Dec. 8, 1860 || [[James Buchanan]]
| Mar. 7, 1857 || Dec. 8, 1860 || [[James Buchanan]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Philip F. Thomas]]<br>[[Maryland]] ||
| [[Philip F. Thomas]]<br>Maryland ||
{|
{|
| Dec. 12, 1860 || Jan. 14, 1861 || [[James Buchanan]]
| Dec. 12, 1860 || Jan. 14, 1861 || [[James Buchanan]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[John A. Dix]]<br>[[New York]] ||
| [[John A. Dix]]<br>New York ||
{|
{|
| Jan. 15, 1861 || Mar. 3, 1861 || [[James Buchanan]]
| Jan. 15, 1861 || Mar. 3, 1861 || [[James Buchanan]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Salmon P. Chase]]<br>[[Ohio]] ||
| [[Salmon P. Chase]]<br>Ohio ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 7, 1861 || Jun. 30, 1864 || [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| Mar. 7, 1861 || Jun. 30, 1864 || [[Abraham Lincoln]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[William P. Fessenden]]<br>[[Maine]] ||
| [[William P. Fessenden]]<br>Maine ||
{|
{|
| Jul. 5, 1864 || Mar. 3, 1865 || [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| Jul. 5, 1864 || Mar. 3, 1865 || [[Abraham Lincoln]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Hugh McCulloch]]<br>[[Indiana]] ||
| [[Hugh McCulloch]]<br>Indiana ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 9, 1865 || Apr. 15, 1865 || [[Abraham Lincoln]]
| Mar. 9, 1865 || Apr. 15, 1865 || [[Abraham Lincoln]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[George S. Boutwell]]<br>[[Massachusetts]] ||
| [[George S. Boutwell]]<br>Massachusetts ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 12, 1869 || Mar. 16, 1873 ||[[Ulysses Grant]]
| Mar. 12, 1869 || Mar. 16, 1873 ||[[Ulysses Grant]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[William A. Richardson]]<br>[[Massachusetts]] ||
| [[William A. Richardson]]<br>Massachusetts ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 17, 1873 || Jun. 3, 1874 ||[[Ulysses Grant]]
| Mar. 17, 1873 || Jun. 3, 1874 ||[[Ulysses Grant]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Benjamin H. Bristow]]<br>[[Kentucky]] ||
| [[Benjamin H. Bristow]]<br>Kentucky ||
{|
{|
| Jun. 4, 1874 || Jun. 20, 1876 ||[[Ulysses Grant]]
| Jun. 4, 1874 || Jun. 20, 1876 ||[[Ulysses Grant]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Lot M. Morrill]]<br>[[Maine]] ||
| [[Lot M. Morrill]]<br>Maine ||
{|
{|
| Jul. 7, 1876 || Mar. 3, 1877 || [[Ulysses Grant]]
| Jul. 7, 1876 || Mar. 3, 1877 || [[Ulysses Grant]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[John Sherman]]<br>[[Ohio]] ||
| [[John Sherman]]<br>Ohio ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 10, 1877 || Mar. 3, 1881 || [[Rutherford Hayes]]
| Mar. 10, 1877 || Mar. 3, 1881 || [[Rutherford Hayes]]
|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[William Windom]]<br>[[Minnesota]] ||
| [[William Windom]]<br>Minnesota ||
{|
{|
| Mar. 8, 1881 || Sep. 19, 1881 || [[James Garfield]]
| Mar. 8, 1881 || Sep. 19, 1881 || [[James Garfield]]
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|}
|}
|-
|-
| [[Charles J. Folger]]<br>[[New York]] ||
| [[Charles J. Folger]]<br>New York ||
{|
{|
| Nov. 14, 1881 || Sep. 4, 1884 || [[Chester Arthur]]
| Nov. 14, 1881 || Sep. 4, 1884 || [[Chester Arthur]]

Revision as of 12:45, 27 January 2008

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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

The Secretary of the Treasury is a Cabinet member charged with developing fiscal policy for the United States of America and overseeing the Department of the Treasury. The position was established in 1789, giving it the distinction of being one of the two oldest Cabinet positions.[1] The first and most influential secretary was Alexander Hamilton (1789-1794), who established the new nation's finances on a sound bases, and to provide political support created the world's first voter-based political party, the Federalist Party, using the Treasury's national network of supporters.

The Secretary shares with the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System the status as the most powerful decision-maker in financial policy.[2]

In most countries this position is generally known as the Minister of Finance; Britain calls it the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Secretary is fifth in the line of succession to the Presidency. The current Secretary is Henry Paulson.

Secretaries of the Treasury

Below is a list of the Secretaries of the Treasury along with their dates of service, and the President(s) they served under[3]:

name term(s) and appointing President
Alexander Hamilton
New York
Sept. 11, 1789 Jan. 31, 1795 George Washington
Oliver Wolcott Jr.
Connecticut
Feb. 3, 1795 Mar. 3, 1797 George Washington
Mar. 4, 1797 Dec. 31, 1800 John Adams
Samuel Dexter
Massachusetts
Jan. 1, 1801 Mar. 3, 1801 John Adams
Mar. 4, 1801 May. 6, 1801 Thomas Jefferson
Albert Gallatin
Pennsylvania
May 14, 1801 Mar. 3, 1809 Thomas Jefferson
Mar. 4, 1809 Feb 9, 1814 James Madison
George W. Campbell
Tennessee
Feb. 9, 1814 Sept. 26, 1814 James Madison
Alexander J. Dallas
Pennsylvania
Oct. 6, 1814 Oct. 21, 1816 James Madison
William H. Crawford
Georgia
Oct. 22, 1816 Mar. 3, 1817 James Madison
Mar. 4, 1817 Mar. 3, 1825 James Monroe
Richard Rush
Pennsylvania
Mar. 7, 1825 Mar. 3, 1829 John Quincy Adams
Samuel D. Ingham
Pennsylvania
Mar. 6, 1829 Jun. 20, 1831 Andrew Jackson
Louis McLane
Delaware
Aug. 8, 1831 May 29, 1833 Andrew Jackson
William J. Duane
Pennsylvania
May 29, 1833 Sep. 23, 1833 Andrew Jackson
Roger B. Taney
Maryland
Sep. 23, 1833 Jun. 24, 1834 Andrew Jackson
Levi Woodbury
New Hampshire
Jul. 1, 1834 Mar. 3, 1837 Andrew Jackson
Mar. 4, 1837 Mar. 3, 1841 Martin Van Buren
Thomas Ewing
Ohio
Mar. 5, 1841 Apr. 4, 1841 William Henry Harrison
Apr. 5, 1841 Sep. 11, 1841 John Tyler
Walter Forward
Pennsylvania
Sep. 13, 1841 Mar. 1, 1843 John Tyler
John C. Spencer
New York
Mar. 8, 1843 May 2, 1844 John Tyler
George M. Bibb
Kentucky
Jul. 4, 1844 Mar. 3, 1845 John Tyler
Mar. 4, 1845 Mar. 7, 1845 James Polk
Robert J. Walker
Mississippi
Mar. 8, 1845 Mar. 3, 1849 James Polk
Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 5, 1849 Zachary Taylor
William M. Meredith
Pennsylvania
Mar. 8, 1849 Jul. 9, 1850 Taylor
Jul. 10, 1850 Jul. 22, 1850 Millard Fillmore
Thomas Corwin
Ohio
Jul. 23, 1850 Mar. 3, 1853 Millard Fillmore
Mar 4, 1853 Mar. 6, 1853 Franklin Pierce
James Guthrie
Kentucky
Mar. 7, 1853 Mar. 3, 1857 Franklin Pierce
Mar. 4, 1857 Mar. 6, 1857 James Buchanan
Howell Cobb
Georgia
Mar. 7, 1857 Dec. 8, 1860 James Buchanan
Philip F. Thomas
Maryland
Dec. 12, 1860 Jan. 14, 1861 James Buchanan
John A. Dix
New York
Jan. 15, 1861 Mar. 3, 1861 James Buchanan
Mar. 4, 1861 Mar. 6, 1861 Abraham Lincoln
Salmon P. Chase
Ohio
Mar. 7, 1861 Jun. 30, 1864 Abraham Lincoln
William P. Fessenden
Maine
Jul. 5, 1864 Mar. 3, 1865 Abraham Lincoln
Hugh McCulloch
Indiana
Mar. 9, 1865 Apr. 15, 1865 Abraham Lincoln
Apr. 15, 1865 Mar. 3, 1869 Andrew Johnson
George S. Boutwell
Massachusetts
Mar. 12, 1869 Mar. 16, 1873 Ulysses Grant
William A. Richardson
Massachusetts
Mar. 17, 1873 Jun. 3, 1874 Ulysses Grant
Benjamin H. Bristow
Kentucky
Jun. 4, 1874 Jun. 20, 1876 Ulysses Grant
Lot M. Morrill
Maine
Jul. 7, 1876 Mar. 3, 1877 Ulysses Grant
Mar. 4, 1877 Mar. 9, 1877 Rutherford Hayes
John Sherman
Ohio
Mar. 10, 1877 Mar. 3, 1881 Rutherford Hayes
William Windom
Minnesota
Mar. 8, 1881 Sep. 19, 1881 James Garfield
Sep. 20, 1881 Nov. 13, 1881 Chester Arthur
Charles J. Folger
New York
Nov. 14, 1881 Sep. 4, 1884 Chester Arthur
Walter Q. Gresham
Indiana
Sep. 25, 1884 - Oct. 30, 1884 Chester Arthur
Hugh McCulloch
Indiana
Oct. 31, 1884 - Mar. 3, 1885 Chester Arthur
Mar. 4, 1885 - Mar. 7, 1885 Grover Cleveland
Daniel Manning
New York
Mar. 8, 1885 Mar. 31, 1887 Grover Cleveland
Charles S. Fairchild
New York
Apr. 1, 1887 Mar. 3, 1889 Grover Cleveland
Mar. 4, 1889 Mar. 6, 1889 Benjamin Harrison
William Windom
Minnesota
Mar. 7, 1889 Jan. 29, 1891 Benjamin Harrison
Charles Foster
Ohio
Feb. 25, 1891 Mar. 3, 1893 Benjamin Harrison
Mar. 4, 1893 Mar. 6, 1893 Cleveland
John G. Carlisle
Kentucky
Mar. 7, 1893 Mar. 3, 1897 Cleveland
Mar. 4, 1897 Mar. 5, 1897 William McKinley
Lyman J. Gage
Illinois
Mar. 6, 1897 Sep. 14, 1901 William McKinley
Sep. 14, 1901 Jan. 31, 1902 Theodore Roosevelt
Leslie M. Shaw
Iowa
Feb. 1, 1902 Mar. 3, 1907 Theodore Roosevelt
George B. Cortelyou
New York
Mar. 4, 1907 Mar. 3, 1909 Theodore Roosevelt
Mar. 4, 1909 Mar. 7, 1909 William Howard Taft
Franklin MacVeagh
Illinois
Mar. 8, 1909 Mar. 3, 1913 William Howard Taft
Mar. 4, 1913 Mar. 5, 1913 Woodrow Wilson
William G. McAdoo
New York
Mar. 6, 1913 Dec. 15, 1918 Woodrow Wilson
Carter Glass
Virginia
Dec. 16, 1918 Feb. 1, 1920 Woodrow Wilson
David F. Houston
Missouri
Feb. 2, 1920 Mar. 3, 1921 Woodrow Wilson
Andrew W. Mellon
Pennsylvania
Mar. 4, 1921 Aug. 2, 1923 Warren Harding
Aug. 3, 1923 Mar. 3, 1929 Calvin Coolidge
Mar. 4, 1929 Feb. 12, 1932 Herbert Hoover
Ogden L. Mills
New York
Feb. 13, 1932 Mar. 3, 1933 Herbert Clark Hoover
William H. Woodin
New York
Mar. 4, 1933 Dec. 31, 1933 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Henry Morgenthau, Jr.
New York
Jan. 1, 1934 Apr. 12, 1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Apr. 12, 1945 Jul. 22, 1945 Harry S. Truman
Fred M. Vinson
Kentucky
Jul. 23, 1945 Jun. 23, 1946 Harry S. Truman
John W. Snyder
Missouri
Jun. 25, 1946 Jan. 20, 1953 Harry S. Truman
George M. Humphrey
Ohio
Jan. 21, 1953 Jul. 29, 1957 Dwight Eisenhower
Robert B. Anderson
Connecticut
Jul. 29, 1957 Jan. 20, 1961 Dwight Eisenhower
C. Douglas Dillon
New Jersey
Jan. 21, 1961 Nov 22, 1963 John F. Kennedy
Nov. 22, 1963 Apr. 1, 1965 Lyndon B. Johnson
Henry H. Fowler
Virginia
Apr. 1, 1965 Dec. 20, 1968 Lyndon B. Johnson
Joseph W. Barr
Indiana
Dec. 21, 1968 Jan. 20, 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson
David M. Kennedy
Utah
Jan. 22, 1969 Feb. 11, 1971 Richard Nixon
John B. Connally
Texas
Feb. 11, 1971 Jun. 12, 1972 Richard Nixon
George P. Shultz
Illinois
Jun. 12, 1972 May 8, 1974 Richard Nixon
William E. Simon
New Jersey
May 8, 1974 Aug. 9, 1974 Richard Nixon
Aug 9, 1974 Jan. 20, 1977 Gerald Ford
W. Michael Blumenthal
Michigan
Jan. 23, 1977 Aug. 4, 1979 Jimmy Carter
G. William Miller
Rhode Island
Aug. 6, 1979 Jan. 20, 1981 Jimmy Carter
Donald T. Regan
New Jersey
Jan. 22, 1981 Feb. 2, 1985 Ronald Reagan
James A. Baker, III
Texas
Feb. 3, 1985 Aug. 17, 1988 Ronald Reagan
Nicholas F. Brady
New Jersey
Sep. 16, 1988 Jan. 20, 1989 Ronald Reagan
Jan. 20, 1989 Jan. 17, 1993 George H. W. Bush
Lloyd M. Bentsen
Texas
Jan. 22, 1993 Dec. 22, 1994 Bill Clinton
Robert E. Rubin
New York
Jan. 10, 1995 Jul. 2, 1999 Bill Clinton
Lawrence H. Summers
Massachusetts
Jul. 2, 1999 Jan. 20, 2001 Bill Clinton
Paul H. O'Neill
Pennsylvania
Jan. 30, 2001 Dec. 31, 2002 George W. Bush
John W. Snow
Virginia
Feb. 3, 2003 June 29, 2006 George W. Bush
Henry M. Paulson, Jr.
Illinois
Jul. 10, 2006 Present George W. Bush

Bibliography

  • Blum, John Morton. From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928-1938 (1959); Years of urgency: 1938-1941 (1965); Years of war, 1941-1945 (1967), a narrative history based very closely on the diaries
  • Cannadine, David. Mellon: An American Life (2006)
  • Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton (2004) excerpt and text search
  • Niven, John. Salmon P. Chase: A Biography (1995 ) excerpt and text search
  • Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (2004) excerpt and text search
  • Walters, Raymond. Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier And Diplomat (1957) online edition
  • White, Leonard D. The Federalists: a Study in Administrative History (1956)
  • White, Leonard D. The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829 (1951)
  • White, Leonard D. Jacksonians: A Study In Administrative History, 1829-1861 (1954)
  • White, Leonard D. The Republican era;: A study in administrative history, 1869-1901 (1958)

Notes

  1. ↑ DOI history. Department of the Interior. Retrieved on 2007-11-17.
  2. ↑ The "Treasurer of the United States" is a separate position, mostly honorific and without power. The Treasurer and Secretary both have their cuignature on paper currency.
  3. ↑ http://www.treasury.gov/education/history/secretaries/index.shtml
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