imported>David E. Volk |
imported>Minhaj Ahmed Khan Lodi |
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| The '''Ibadi movement''' or '''Ibadiyya''' (Arabic: الاباضية al-Ibāḍiyyah) is a form of [[Islam]] distinct from the [[Shi'a]] and [[Sunni]] denominations. It is the dominant form of Islam in only one Muslim country, [[Oman]]. There are also Ibadis in [[Algeria]] as well as [[Libya]].<ref>{{web cite|url=http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html|title=IBADI ISLAM: AN INTRODUCTION|author=Valerie J. Hoffman}}</ref> Believed to be one of the earliest schools, it is said to have founded less than 50 years after the death of the prophet [[Muhammad]]. The denomination developed out of the seventh-century Islamic sect known as the [[Khawarij]] or Kharijites. Nonetheless, Ibadis see themselves as quite different from the Khawarij. | | The '''Ibadi movement''' is an Islamic sect different from the [[Sunni]] and [[Shi'a]] denominations. Most of its adherents are located in [[Oman]], where they make up 77% of the population, and also in small numbers in [[Algeria]] and [[Zanzibar]]. |
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| ==Origin==
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| The school derives its name from [[Abdullah ibn Ibadh|ˤAbdullāh ibn-Ibāḍ]] [[Bani_Tamim|at-Tamīmī]]. Followers of this sect, however, claim its true founder was Jabir ibn Zaid al-'Azdi from Nizwa, Oman.
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| ==Views==
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| Ibāḍī communities are generally regarded as conservative. Ibāḍiyyah rejects the practice of ''[[Qunut|qunūt]]'' or supplications while standing in prayer. Sunni Muslims traditionally regard the Ibāḍiyyah as a [[Kharijite]] group; Ibāḍīs reject this designation. Ibāḍīs regard other Muslims not as ''[[kafir|kuffar]]'' "unbelievers" (as most [[Kharijite]] groups did), but as ''kuffar an-niˤma'' "those who deny God's grace", though nowadays this attitude has highly relaxed. They believe that the attitude of a true believer to others is expressed in three religious obligations:
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| * ''walāyah'': friendship and unity with the practicing true believers, and with the Ibadi Imams.
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| * ''barā'ah'': dissociation and hostility towards unbelievers and sinners, and those destined for Hell.
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| * ''wuqūf'': reservation towards those whose status is unclear.
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| Unlike the Kharijites, Ibāḍī have abandoned the practice of not associating with mainstream Muslims.<ref>Mortimer, Edward, <I>Faith and Power</I>, Vintage (1982), p.42</ref>
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| ===Doctrinal differences with Sunni Islam===
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| Ibadis also have several doctrinal differences with orthodox Sunni Islam, chief among them:
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| * Muslims will not see Allah on the [[Islamic view of the Last Judgement|Day of Judgement]]. This is derived from the Qur'an where the Prophet [[Ibrahim]] is told upon asking to see Allah, "You shall not see me." This is contrary to the mainstream Sunni belief that indeed Muslims will see Allah with their eyes on the day of Judgment -- (without our specifying how and in a manner Allah knows best)<ref>{{web cite|url=http://qa.sunnipath.com/issue_view.asp?HD=7&ID=6259&CATE=24|title=Seeing Allah in dreams, waking, and the afterlife.|author=Muhammad ibn Adam al-Kawthari}}</ref>. This matches the beliefs of [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]]. Imam Ali (AS) "Eyes can not see Him, but he can be seen by the realities of FAITH" [[Nahj al-Balaghah]].
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| * Whosoever enters the Hellfire, will live therein forever. This is contrary to the Sunni belief that those Muslims who enter the Hellfire will live therein for a fixed amount of time, to purify them of their shortcomings, after which they will enter Paradise. Sunnis also believe that unbelievers will remain in Hell forever.
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| * The Qur'an was created by Allah at a certain point in time. The Sunni community holds vigorously that the Qur'an is uncreated, as exemplified by the suffering of Imam [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] during the [[mihna]]. Much of the Shi'a community also holds that the Qur'an is created, one of many theological beliefs that they share with the [[Mu'tazili|Mu'tazilah]].
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| ===Views on Islamic history and caliphate===
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| Ibāḍīs agree with Sunnis in approving of [[Abu Bakr|Abū Bakr]] and [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]], whom they regard as the two rightly-guided [[Caliph]]s. They regard [[Uthman ibn Affan]] as having introduced ''[[bid'ah|bidˤa]]'' "innovations" into Islām, and approve of the revolt which overthrew him. They also approve of the first part of [[Ali|ˤAlī]]'s caliphate, and, like Shi'as, disapprove of [[Aisha|ˤĀ'isha]]'s rebellion against him and also disapprove of [[Muawiya|Muˤāwiyya]]'s revolt. However, they regard ˤAlī's acceptance of arbitration at the [[Battle of Siffin]] against Muˤāwiyya's rebels as un-Islamic and as rendering him unfit for the Imamate, and they condemn ˤAlī for killing the early Kharijites of ''an-Nahr'' in the [[Battle of Nahrawan]].
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| In their belief, the fifth legitimate [[Caliph]] was [[Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi]]. All [[Caliph]]s from [[Muawiya|Muˤāwiyya]] onwards are regarded as tyrants except [[Umar ibn Abdul Aziz]], on whom opinions differ. However, various later Ibāḍī leaders are recognized as true [[Imam|imām]]s, including [[Abdullah ibn Yahya al-Kindi]] of South Arabia and the imāms of the [[Rustamid]] dynasty in North Africa.
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| ==Demographics==
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| Ibāḍī Muslims make up a majority (roughly 75%) of the population in Oman[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mu.html#People]. They are also found in [[Jabal Nafusa]] in [[Libya]], [[Mzab]] in [[Algeria]], [[East Africa]] (particularly [[Zanzibar]]) and [[Djerba|Djerba Island]] in [[Tunisia]]. The early medieval [[Rustamid]] dynasty in [[Algeria]] was Ibāḍī, and refugees from its capital [[Tahert]] founded the North African Ibāḍī communities which exist today.
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.uga.edu/islam/ibadis.html Ibāḍī Islam: an introduction]
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| *[http://www.angelfire.com/ok5/ibadhiyah/history.html A Concise History of al-Ibāḍiyyah]
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| *[http://www.islamfact.com/books-htm/ibadi/content.htm An overview of Ibāḍism]
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| *[http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=107&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=483 Ibn-Ibāḍ and the Ibāḍī School of Islamic Law]
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