Biogenic amine receptor
Biogenic amine receptors are "cell surface proteins that bind biogenic amines with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which influence the behavior of cells. Biogenic amine is a chemically imprecise term which, by convention, includes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, the indoleamine serotonin, the imidazolamine histamine, and compounds closely related to each of these."[1]
Biogenic amines are a "group of naturally occurring amines derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of the natural amino acids. Many have powerful physiological effects (e.g., histamine, serotonin, epinephrine, tyramine). Those derived from aromatic amino acids, and also their synthetic analogs (e.g., amphetamine), are of use in pharmacology."[2]
Some biogenic amines, including dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, are neurotransmitters.
Classification
Catecholamine receptors
Catecholamines are epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine. They are derived from the non-essential amino acid tyrosine which is found in casein in mild and cheese.
Catecholamine receptors are "cell surface proteins that bind catecholamines with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. The catecholamine messengers epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are synthesized from tyrosine by a common biosynthetic pathway."[3]
Adrenergic receptors
Dopamine receptors
Dopamine is "one of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brain. It is derived from tyrosine and is the precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement."[4]
Dopamine receptors are "cell-surface proteins that bind dopamine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells."[5]
D1-like receptors
These receptors stimulate adenylate cyclase.[6]
Dopamine D1 receptors
Dopamine D5 receptors
D2-like receptors
These receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase.[7]
Dopamine D2 receptors
Agonists, such as metoclopramide, are used as an antiemetic.
Antagonists, such as risperidone and haloperidol, are used to treat schizophrenia.[8]
Dopamine D3 receptors
Dopamine D4 receptors
Histamine receptors
Histamine is an "amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter."[9]
Histamine receptors are "cell-surface proteins that bind histamine and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Histamine receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues. Three types have been recognized and designated H1, H2, and H3. They differ in pharmacology, distribution, and mode of action."[10]
Histamine H1 receptors
Histamine H1 receptors "operate through the inositol phosphate/diacylglycerol second messenger system. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, hormone release, and cerebral glyconeogenesis."[11]
Antagonists, such as chorpheniramine, are used to treat allergic rhinitis.
Histamine H2 receptors
Histamine H2 receptors "act via G-proteins to stimulate adenylate cyclase. Among the many responses mediated by these receptors are gastric acid secretion, smooth muscle relaxation, inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart muscle, and inhibition of lymphocyte function."[12]
Antagonists, such as ranitidine, are used to treat gastrointestinal disorder such as peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease that are due to hyperacidity.
Histamine H3 receptors
Histamine H3 receptors were "first recognized as inhibitory autoreceptors on histamine-containing nerve terminals and have since been shown to regulate the release of several neurotransmitters in the central and peripheral nervous systems.[13]
Serotonin receptors
Serotonin is a "biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity."[14]
Serotonin receptors are "cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action."[15]
Serotonin 5-HT1 receptors
Serotonin 5-HT1 receptors are in the central nervous system.
Agonists of serotonin 5-HT1D, such as sumatriptan, are used to treat migraine headaches.[16]
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptors
Antagonists, such as risperidone, are used to treat schizophrenia. Antagonists, such as fluoxetine, are used to treat depression.
Serotonin 5-HT3 receptors
Serotonin 5-HT3 receptors stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
Antagonists, such as ondansetron, are used as an antiemetic for chemotherapy.[17] Antagonists, such as alosetron, are to treat diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.
Serotonin 5-HT4 receptors
Serotonin 5-HT4 receptors stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
Agonists, such as tegaserod, are used to treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome.[18]
Amines in disease
Amine hypothesis and depression
Depletion of the amines serotonin and norepinephrine may contribute to depression.[19]
Dopamine hypothesis and schizophrenia
The dopamine hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia is in part due to excessive dopaminergic activity.[20]
References
- ↑ Anonymous. Biogenic amine receptors. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Biogenic Amines. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Catecholamine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Dopamine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Dopamine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Dopamine D1 Receptors, Dopamine D1. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Dopamine D2 Receptors, Dopamine D2. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2001). Basic & clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 483. ISBN 0-8385-0598-8.
- ↑ Anonymous. Histamine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Histamine. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Histamine H1. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Histamine H2. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Histamine H3. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Serotonin. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Anonymous. Receptors, Serotonin. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2001). Basic & clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 280. ISBN 0-8385-0598-8.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2001). Basic & clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 279. ISBN 0-8385-0598-8.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2001). Basic & clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 1069. ISBN 0-8385-0598-8.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2001). Basic & clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 498. ISBN 0-8385-0598-8.
- ↑ Katzung, Bertram G. (2001). Basic & clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 479. ISBN 0-8385-0598-8.