U.S. foreign policy

See also: History of U.S. foreign policy

Ultimate responsibility for United States foreign policy rests with the President of the United States. For the ratification of formal treaties, he or she must obtain the advice and consent of the Senate.

Formally, the senior foreign policy official is the U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton. In practice, the critical decisionmakers are the members of the National Security Council, which includes the Secretary of State. Other major influencers are in the National Security Council staff, headed by the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, James Jones. The U.S. Department of Defense, under Secretary Robert Gates, obviously has a major effect, as does the U.S. intelligence community, coordinated by Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair.

Foreign policy formulation and execution is structured on regional and functional areas. Over recent years, there has been an attempt to reconcile the regional definitions of the various departments and agencies, so a country is not under one bureau of the State Department but under a different Unified Combatant Command in the military. This is not completely successful; the countries of the Mediterranean littoral as well as the Levant are under one Assistant Secretary of State, but the United States European Command is responsible for the former but the United States Central Command for the latter.

Regional

Africa

U.S African policy is principally focused on the Subsaharan part of the continent. For reasons of colonial sensitivity, the United States Africa Command is considered a unified subcommand of United States European Command.

Functional

A number of these areas will definitely involve more agencies than the Department of State.

• International Organization Affairs (IO)

Security

• Counterterrorism
• Peace operations
• Arms Control
• International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN)

Economic

• Foreign assistance
• Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs(E)
• Economic, Energy and Business Affairs (EEB)
• National Marine Fisheries Service

Democracy promotion and information

• Democracy and Global Affairs (G)
• Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (R)
• International Information Programs (IIP)
• Propaganda; Voice of Americz; Broadcasting Board of Governors, psychological operations staff, National Clandestine Service, Central Intelligence Agency

Cultural

• Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA)

Law enforcement, including drug trade

• International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL)
• Drug Enforcement Administration
• Federal Bureau of Investigation
• War Crimes Issues (S/WCI)
• Office of Special Investigations, U.S. Department of Justice

Human Rights

• Population, Refugees, and Migration (PRM)
• Global Women's Issues (S/GWI)

Science

• Global AIDS Coordinator, Office of (S/GAC)
• Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs (OES)
• National Science Foundation
• National Institutes of Health
• Centers for Disease Control
• National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration