Fetal programming
From a pathophysiological perspective, 'fetal programming' refers to adaptations made by a fetus in response to adverse intrauterine environments, adaptations targeting the fetus’s survival, adaptations that alter fetal structure and function during the highly plastic period of embryonic/fetal development, lasting adaptations that determine the structural, metabolic and physiological characteristics of the individual throughout the developmental stages of postnatal life, characteristics that can predispose the individual in later life to maladaptations in response to environmental conditions differing from those that the individual adapted to during fetal development.[1] [Note 1] The adaptations 'program' the newborn infant for the the responses it makes to its environment throughout its lifetime.
Examples of fetal programming in humans
In 1986, DJP Barker and C Osmond reported on their studies of the relationships among infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and adult ischemic heart disease in England and Wales. By geographical regions, past infant mortality rates, highest where poverty was greatest, associated positively with present occurrences of ischemic heart disease, whereas increasing heart disease presently associated with increasing prosperity. From their analysis the investigators suggested that “poor nutrition in early life increases susceptibility to the effects of an affluent diet”.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many
References cited in text
- ↑ Godfrey KM, Barker DJP. (2001) Fetal programming and adult health. Public Health Nutrition 4(2B):611-624. | Read Abstract in 'Notes' section.
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Notes
- ↑ Abstract of article by Godfrey KM, Barker DJP. (2001): Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range of birthweight and depend on lower birthweights in relation to the duration of gestation rather than the effects of premature birth. The associations are thought to be consequences of `programming', whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical, sensitive period of early life has permanent effects on structure, physiology and metabolism. Programming of the fetus may result from adaptations invoked when the materno-placental nutrient supply fails to match the fetal nutrient demand. Although the influences that impair fetal development and programme adult cardiovascular disease remain to be defined, there are strong pointers to the importance of maternal body composition and dietary balance during pregnancy.