Chimpanzee
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The Chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), also known as the Common Chimpanzee is part of the Hominidae family, which also includes the Bonobo, the Orangutan, the Gibbon, the Gorilla, and the Human. Chimpanzees can be found in West and Central Africa. They live to the north of the Congo River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Bonobo Chimpanzee (pan paniscus) lives south of the Congo River.
Measurements
A full-grown adult male weighs an average of 132.3lbs (60kg) and is 3-4 ft tall (.9-1.2 meters). A full grown adult female weighs an average of 104.5lbs (47.4kg) and are 2 – 31/2 feet tall (.66-1m). The sexual dimorphism in Chimpanzees is similar to that in Humans. Their brain size is 300cc on average and their brain resembles a human brain structurally. [1]
Lifespan
Their maximum known life span is 53 years.[2]
Habitat
Chimpanzees live in Western and Central Africa, in savannah woodlands, grasslands, lowland rain forests, and mountain rain forests.[3]
Social Structure
Chimpanzees have an average party size of 10 members. An Alpha male leads the troop and the male chimpanzees are constantly playing politics either with brute force or diplomatic grooming. Females leave their natal groups when they sexually mature. Males have dominance over females although there is a dominance hierarchy within the females as well. Their society is fission-fusion and patrilneal multi-male, multi-female. [4]
Social Mechanisms
Chimpanzees use a number of social mechanisms to communicate with each other and increase their social rankings. Chimpanzees have two different types of displays they use
Diet
Chimpanzees are primarily vegetarian. The bulk of their diet consists of fruit, leaves, flowers, and seeds. Chimpanzees form hunting parties and go out in search of colobus monkeys. When hunting each chimpanzee has a different role within the hunting party. The fasted and strongest chimpanzee in the group chases the prey while the others block off the exits. The members of the hunting party can’t see each other during this process which shows their incredible cognitive mapping ability. A cultural difference between the Gombe and Tai Forest Chimpanzees can be seen in how they eat the Colobus monkeys. Gombe Chimpanzees eat them when they are dead whereas Tai Forest Chimpanzees eat them while they are still alive. [5]
Locomotion
The Common Chimpanzee is both arboreal and terrestrial. Chimpanzees are quadrupeds, they walk on all four limbs whereas humans are bi-pedal and walk on only two limbs. Since they are quadrupeds they knuckle-walk while on the ground. Chimpanzees brachiate while living in the trees. They are also cable of suspensory motion, arboreal climbing, and can walk bi-pedaly for a distance while holding tools or food. [6]
Violence
Chimpanzees compete violently within their own social group in order to gain rank in the social hierarchy or display dominance to maintain ones rank in the hierarchy. Violence also occurs between rival Chimapanzee troops. Male chimpanzees often patrol their territory and numerous occasions have been documented of Chimpanzees organizing hunting parties and militaristically venturing into another troops territory to ambush and kill a rival chimpanzee. [7]The two categories of violence are in-group violence in which the violence is contained to a certain level and is used primarily as a social tool. Out-group violence is lethal and done sporadically.[8] These Male assassination squads sometimes even kidnap (chimpnap) a female chimpanzee after beating her into submission.[9]
Culture & Tool Use
Gombe Chimpanzees
The Gombe chimpanzees display a socially learned pattern of behavior (culture) by termite probing. These chimpanzees termite probe by first finding a stick of proper length and using it as a tool to penetrate the termite nests and fish out the termites inside. This complex behavior is learned from their mothers. [10]
Tai Forest Chimpanzees
In the Tai forest the Chimpanzees eat Panda nuts which requires the use of stones as anvil an hammer in order to open. The proper rocks needed to open the nuts are found far from the location of the Panda Nuts so the ability to form a cognitive map is necessary for the task. The young chimpanzee are actively taught how to open panda nuts by the adults.[11]
Evolution of the Species
Bonobo Chimpanzees and the Founder Effect Theory
It is argued that the Bonobo chimpanzee evolved from the Common chimpanzee via the Founder Effect. The Founder Effect is when a small group of a population becomes isolated from the original and they may evolve differently due to both their environment if enough time is presented for natural selection and the limited genetic variation in relation to the original population. The evidence for this argument is that Common chimpanzees are blood types A and O whereas Bonobo chimpanzees are only blood type A. Also the fact that the Common and Bonobo chimpanzees are separated by the Congo River and their competition for food is different. South of the Congo River there aren’t any gorillas for Bonobos to compete with for resources which explains the difference in social structure among the two species.[12]
Genetics
DNA
Chimpanzee DNA differs from Gorillas 2.37% and from Humans 1.63%. Chimpanzees are the closest known relative to homo sapiens.[13]
References
Citations
- ↑ Falk, Dean [2000]. Byram, John: Primate Diversity (textbook, in English), 1. New York,New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ↑ Falk, Dean [2000]. Byram, John: Primate Diversity (textbook, in English), 1. New York,New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ↑ Falk, Dean [2000]. Byram, John: Primate Diversity (textbook, in English), 1. New York,New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ↑ Falk, Dean [2000]. Byram, John: Primate Diversity (Hardcover, in English), 1. New York,New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ↑ Falk, Dean [2000]. Byram, John: Primate Diversity (textbook, in English), 1. New York,New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ↑ Falk, Dean [2000]. Byram, John: Primate Diversity (textbook, in English), 1. New York,New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-97428-6.
- ↑ Richard, Wrangham; Peterson, Dale [2000]. “7”, Demonic Males (paperback, in English), 1. New York,New York: Mariner Books, 139. ISBN 0-395-69001-3.
- ↑ De Waal, Frans [2005]. Our Inner Ape (Paperback, in English), 1. New York,New York: Riverhead Books. ISBN 1-59448-196-2.
- ↑ Richard, Wrangham; Peterson, Dale [2000]. “4”, Demonic Males (paperback, in English), 1. New York,New York: Mariner Books, 70. ISBN 0-395-69001-3.
- ↑ Goodall, Jane; Whiten,A; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C. (June 1999). "Culture in Chimpanzees". Nature 399. Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
- ↑ Boesche, Christophe; Boesche-Achermann, Hedwige (1993 February). "Tool use in wild chimpanzees: New light from dark forests". Current Directions in Psychological Science 2 (1): 18-21. Retrieved on 2008-04-29.
- ↑ Template:Cite lecture
- ↑ Sibley, Charles; Ahlquist, John (February 1984). "The phylogeny of the hominoid primates, as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization". Journal of Molecular Evolution 20 (1): 2-15. DOI:10.1007/BF02101980. Retrieved on 2008-04-29. Research Blogging.