Plutonium: Difference between revisions
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'''Plutonium''' ([[chemical symbol]] Pu) is a [[chemical element]] with [[atomic number]] 94. In nature it has been detected in trace quantities, but only after it had been prepared in the laboratory by [[Glen Seaborg]], [[Edwin McMillan]], [[Joseph W. Kennedy]], and [[Arthur C. Wahl]] in 1940. All [[isotope]]s of the element are radioactive, they are [[alpha particle|α-emitters]], except for Pu-241, which is a [[beta particle| β<sup>−</sup>-emitter]] | '''Plutonium''' ([[chemical symbol]] Pu) is a [[chemical element]] with [[atomic number]] 94. In nature it has been detected in trace quantities, but only after it had been prepared in the laboratory by [[Glen Seaborg]], [[Edwin McMillan]], [[Joseph W. Kennedy]], and [[Arthur C. Wahl]] in 1940. All [[isotope]]s of the element are radioactive, they are [[alpha particle|α-emitters]], except for Pu-241, which is a [[beta particle| β<sup>−</sup>-emitter]]. | ||
==Solid state== | ==Solid state== | ||
Solid plutonium exhibits six different [[allotropes]] (crystal structures), labeled α, β, γ, δ, δ', and ε. They exist at increasing temperatures. The allotropes show fairly large volume changes upon phase transitions, their densities ("specific weights") vary from 16.00 g/cm<sup>3</sup> to 19.86 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The α crystalline form exists at room temperatures. It is not a very good conductor of electricity, it has the highest electrical [[resistivity]] of any pure metallic element (1.46×10<sup>−6</sup> Ω· m). Just as water, but unlike many other materials, plutonium becomes denser when it melts (at 639.4 °C, normal pressure). | Solid plutonium exhibits six different [[allotropes]] (crystal structures), labeled α, β, γ, δ, δ', and ε. They exist at increasing temperatures. The allotropes show fairly large volume changes upon phase transitions, their densities ("specific weights") vary from 16.00 g/cm<sup>3</sup> to 19.86 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The α crystalline form exists at room temperatures. It is not a very good conductor of electricity, it has the highest electrical [[resistivity]] of any pure metallic element (1.46×10<sup>−6</sup> Ω· m). Just as water, but unlike many other materials, plutonium becomes denser when it melts (at 639.4 °C, normal pressure). | ||
==Uses of isotopes== | |||
The fissionable isotope | |||
Pu-239 is used in [[nuclear weapon]]s—the atomic bomb [[Fat Man]] that detonated over [[Nagasaki]] on August 9, 1945 had a Pu-239 core, as had the device (Trinity) tested in [[Jornada del Muerto]] ([[New Mexico]]) a few weeks earlier (on July 16). | |||
Pu-240 is useful as a fuel in nuclear reactors, but refining plutonium into "weapons grade" requires minimizing Pu-240 and maximizing Pu-239. The more fissionable Pu-240, when compressed in a [[fission device]], emits sufficient neutrons to cause a premature chain reaction, disrupting the core before it can give a full explosive yield. These characteristics, however, can be used productively in power reactors, which operate at a lower neutron flux density. | |||
==External link== | ==External link== | ||
[http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/94.html Los Alamos National Lab] | [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/94.html Los Alamos National Lab] | ||
Revision as of 13:32, 12 December 2009
Plutonium (chemical symbol Pu) is a chemical element with atomic number 94. In nature it has been detected in trace quantities, but only after it had been prepared in the laboratory by Glen Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy, and Arthur C. Wahl in 1940. All isotopes of the element are radioactive, they are α-emitters, except for Pu-241, which is a β−-emitter.
Solid state
Solid plutonium exhibits six different allotropes (crystal structures), labeled α, β, γ, δ, δ', and ε. They exist at increasing temperatures. The allotropes show fairly large volume changes upon phase transitions, their densities ("specific weights") vary from 16.00 g/cm3 to 19.86 g/cm3. The α crystalline form exists at room temperatures. It is not a very good conductor of electricity, it has the highest electrical resistivity of any pure metallic element (1.46×10−6 Ω· m). Just as water, but unlike many other materials, plutonium becomes denser when it melts (at 639.4 °C, normal pressure).
Uses of isotopes
The fissionable isotope Pu-239 is used in nuclear weapons—the atomic bomb Fat Man that detonated over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 had a Pu-239 core, as had the device (Trinity) tested in Jornada del Muerto (New Mexico) a few weeks earlier (on July 16).
Pu-240 is useful as a fuel in nuclear reactors, but refining plutonium into "weapons grade" requires minimizing Pu-240 and maximizing Pu-239. The more fissionable Pu-240, when compressed in a fission device, emits sufficient neutrons to cause a premature chain reaction, disrupting the core before it can give a full explosive yield. These characteristics, however, can be used productively in power reactors, which operate at a lower neutron flux density.