Pseudomonas syringae
| Pseudomonas syringae | ||||||||||||||
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| Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall, 1904 | ||||||||||||||
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| ATCC 19310 CCUG 14279 | ||||||||||||||
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P. s. pv. aceris |
Pseudomonas syringae is a rod shaped, Gram-negative bacterium, with polar flagella. It is a member of the Pseudomonas genus, and based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. syringae has been placed in the P. syringae group[1]. It is a plant pathogen which can infect a wide range of plant species, and exists as over 50 different pathovars. Many of these pathovars were once considered to be individual species within the Pseudomonas genus, but molecular biology techniques such as DNA hybridization have shown these to in fact all be part of the P. syringae species. It is named after the lilac tree (Syringa vulgaris), from which it was first isolated[2].
P. syringae tests negative for arginine dihydrolase and oxidase activity, and forms the polymer levan on sucrose nutrient agar. It is known to secrete the lipodepsinonapeptide plant toxin syringomycin,[3] and it owes its yellow fluorescent appearance when cultured in vitro on King's B medium to production of the siderophore pyoverdin.[4]
Ice nucleating properties
P. syringae, more than any mineral or other organism, is responsible for the fact that water in the environment freezes just below 0°C (32°F, 273 K)[5] and causes frost damage in plants. P. syringae can cause water to freeze at temperatures as high as −1.8°C[6], but strains causing ice nucleation at lower temperatures (down to −8°C) are more common[7]. Even silver iodide (used for cloud seeding) does not cause nucleation above −8°C. Artificial strains of P. syringae known as ice-minus bacteria have been created to reduce frost damage. P. syringae have ina (ice nucleation-active) genes that make Ina proteins which translocate to the outer bacterial cell wall on the surface of the bacteria where the Ina proteins act as nuclei for ice formation[7].
Epidemiology
Disease by P. syringae tends to be favoured by wet, cool conditions - optimum temperatures for disease tend to be around 12–25°C, although this can vary according to the pathovar involved. The bacteria tend to be seed borne, and are dispersed between plants via rain splash.[8].
Although it is a plant pathogen, it can also live as a saprophyte in the phyllosphere when conditions are not favourable for disease.[9] Some saprophytic strains of P. syringae have been used as biocontrol agents against post-harvest rots[10].
Pathovars
Following ribotypical analysis several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae were incorporated into other species[11] (see P. amygdali, 'P. tomato', P. coronafaciens, P. avellanae, 'P. helianthi', P. tremae, P. cannabina, and P. viridiflava). The remaining pathovars are as follows:
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aceris attacks maple Acer species.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata attacks beets Beta vulgaris.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens attacks wheat Triticum aestivum.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. dysoxylis attacks the kohekohe tree Dysoxylum spectabile.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. japonica attacks barley Hordeum vulgare.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa attacks wheat Triticum aestivum.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. panici attacks Panicum grass species.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans attacks crabapple Malus sylvestris species.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi attacks peas Pisum sativum.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae attacks Syringa and Phaseolus species.
Note that Pseudomonas savastanoi was once considered a pathovar or sub-species of P. syringae, and in many places continues to be referred to as Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi, although as a result of DNA-relatedness studies it has been instated as a new species[12]. It itself has three host-specific pathovars, fraxini which causes ash canker, nerii which attacks oleander and oleae which causes olive knot.
Genome sequencing projects
The genomes of several strains of P. syringae have been sequenced, including P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000, P. syringae pv. syringae B728a and P. syringae pv. phaseolicola 1448A.[13]
References
- ↑ Anzai, et al. (2000, Jul). "Phylogenetic affiliation of the pseudomonads based on 16S rRNA sequence". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50 (Pt 4): 1563-89. PMID 10939664.
- ↑ Kreig N.R., Holt J.G. (eds). (1984) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Biology Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkins Co., pg. 141-199
- ↑ Scholz-Schroeder B.K., Soule J.D., and Gross D. C. 2003. The sypA, sypS, and sypC synthetase genes encode twenty-two modules involved in the nonribosomal peptide synthesis of syringopeptin by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B301D. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 16:271-80 PMID 12744455
- ↑ Cody and Gross (1987) Characterization of Pyoverdinpss, the Fluorescent Siderophore Produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Applied Environmental Microbiology 53(5): 928–934 PMID 16347352
- ↑ Richard E. Lee, Jr., Gareth J. Warren, L.V. Gusta (Editors) (1995). “Chapter 3, "Ecology of Ice Nucleation -- Active Bacteria" by Susan S. Hirano and Christen D. Upper”, Biological Ice Nucleation and Its Applications. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS PRESS (The American Phytopathological Society), 41-61. ISBN 0890541728.
- ↑ Maki LR, Galyan EL, Chang-Chien MM, Caldwell DR (1974). "Ice nucleation induced by pseudomonas syringae". APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 28 (3): 456-459. PMID 4371331.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Richard E. Lee, Jr., Gareth J. Warren, L.V. Gusta (Editors) (1995). “Chapter 4, "Biochemistry of Bacterial Ice Nuclei" by Ray Fall and Paul K. Wolber”, Biological Ice Nucleation and Its Applications. St. Paul, Minnesota: APS PRESS (The American Phytopathological Society), 63-83. ISBN 0890541728.
- ↑ Hirano, S. S. and C. D. Upper (1990) Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae Annual Reviews in Phytopathology 28:155-177
- ↑ Hirano and Upper (2000) Bacteria in the Leaf Ecosystem with Emphasis on Pseudomonas syringae — a Pathogen, Ice Nucleus, and Epiphyte. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 624-653. PMID 10974129
- ↑ Janisiewicz, W. J. and Marchi, A. 1992. Control of storage rots on various pear cultivars with saprophytic strain of Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Disease, 76: 555-560
- ↑ Gardan, et al. (1999 Apr). "DNA relatedness among the pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and description of Pseudomonas tremae sp. nov. and Pseudomonas cannabina sp. nov. (ex Sutic and Dowson 1959)". Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 (Pt 2): 469-78. PMID 10319466.
- ↑ Gardan, et al. (1999 Apr). "DNA relatedness among the pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae and description of Pseudomonas tremae sp. nov. and Pseudomonas cannabina sp. nov. (ex Sutic and Dowson 1959)". Int J Syst Bacteriol 49 (Pt 2): 469-78. PMID 10319466.
- ↑ http://www.pseudomonas-syringae.org/