International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is the alphabet that shows pronunciation. It is an expanded English alphabet, with the Greek letter theta (θ) representing the 'th' sound of 'thin', and the Icelandic letter eð (ð) representing the 'th' sound of 'then'.

Key to IPA representation of English sounds

A guide to the sounds of English, in a sort of alphabetical order:

• ɑ as 'a' in 'father', or British English 'fast', or 'o' in American English 'not'
• æ as in 'cat', or AmE 'fast'
• aɪ as 'i' in 'time'
• aʊ as 'ow' in 'now'
• ɒ as in BrE 'not'
• ʌ as 'u' in 'up'
• b as in 'be'
• d as in 'do'
• dʒ as 'j' in 'just', or 'g' in 'gene'
• ð as 'th' in 'this'
• eə as the diphthong in 'hair'
• eɪ as 'ei' in 'vein' or 'ai' in 'vain'
• ə as 'a' in 'about', or 'e' in 'open'
• əʊ as 'o' in 'go'
• ɛ as 'e' in 'get'
• ɜ as the vowel sound in 'her', 'fir', 'fur' and 'work'
• f as in 'for'
• g as in 'go'
• h as in 'he'
• i as in 'machine', or 'ee' in 'see'
• ɪ as in 'it'
• ɪə as the diphthong in 'fear'
• j as 'y' in 'you'
• k as in 'kiss', or 'c' in 'cat'
• l as in 'like'
• m as in 'me'
• n as in 'no'
• ɔ as 'o' in 'or', or 'aw' in 'awful'
• ɔɪ as 'oi' in 'coin'
• p as in 'pip'
• r as in 'right'
• s as in 'sit', or 'c' in 'nice'
• ʃ as 'sh' in 'she', or 'ti' in 'edition'
• t as in 'tell'
• tʃ as 'ch' in 'choose'
• θ as in 'think'
• u as in 'true', or 'oo' in 'food'
• ʊ as 'u' in 'put' or 'oo' in 'foot'
• ʊə as the diphthong in 'pure'
• v as in 'very'
• w as in 'we'
• z as in 'zoo' or 's' in 'these'
• ʒ as 'si' in 'vision'