Yi Sunshin

PD Image
Portrait of Admiral Yi, drawn in 1952.

Yi Sunshin (이순신:李舜臣, April 28, 1545 – December 16, 1598) was a Korean admiral renowned for his naval victories against the invading Japanese during the Korean War of 1592-1598.

Early life in Seoul and Asan

Yi Sunshin was born on April 28, 1545, in the Geoncheondong area near Seoul. Yi was the third child of the four sons begot by Yi Jeong and Chogyae Byeonssi (Mrs. Byeon of Chogyae). Despite their aristocratic yangban lineage, the family lived with modest means because Yi's father avoided pursuing the promising path of a Joseon Dynasty scholar official. The reason for Jeong's withdrawal of ambitions was his unpleasant memory of a violent political purge 20 years before, in which many government officials were killed, and many others, including Sunshin's grandfather, Yi Baek-rok, were demoted to the lower ranks.

The reason for Jeong's withdrawal of ambitions was his unpleasant memory of a violent political purge 20 years before, in which many government officials were killed, and many others, including Sunshin's grandfather, Yi Baek-rok, were demoted to the lower ranks.

The eldest son of the family was Heuishin; the second eldest, Yoshin; and the youngest, Ushin. When Chogyae Byeonssi was pregnant with her third child, Yi Baek-rok, who was now deceased, appeared to her in a dream and said, "that child will turn out to be extraordinary, so name him 'Sunshin'." Thus, like his brothers, Yi Sunshin was named a "vassal" (shin) of one of the sage kings of ancient China (in his case, Shun).

As not much is actually known about Yi's early childhood, the only significant detail regarding the time he grew up in Seoul is that he became friends with Yu Seongnyong, who later became a high ranking scholar official and would contribute to Yi's appointment to the admiralty. After about 9 years in the capital city, Yi Sunshin's family moved to the Bem-bat-ma-eul village in Asan, where their economic hardships could be better managed with support from their relatives on the mother's side.

It was said that Yi was well-liked by the other children in the village, and in war games he was consistently picked as a captain. Around this time, Yi started practicing archery, which was a popular sport and an essential prerequisite for a military career. These outside pursuits were contrasts to his strict rearing at home, where he studied Chinese classics with his brothers.

When Yi was around 20 years old, he married Sangju Bangssi (Mrs. Bang of Sangju), who was the only daughter of Sangju Bangjin. As a high-ranking officer, Bangjin perceived that Yi had some potential in the military profession; therefore, with the advice of his father-in-law, Yi quit his Confucian studies and began preparing for the military exam. During the 6 years that he trained, Yi fathered 2 sons: his first son, Yi Hwae, in February 1567 and in February 1571, Yi Ull, whom the father would rename as Yi Yer during the war.

Yi took the Byeolshi exam in August, 1572. In one of the tests, Yi made a huge blunder by falling off a horse while trying to string his bow. Although he finished the remaining tests after tying twigs of willow around his hurt leg, he was unable to pass because of the accident. Yi prepared again for 4 more years and passed the much more difficult, triennial Siknyeonmoogwa exam in February, 1576, thereby beginning a military career at a relatively advanced age of 31.

Pre-war military service

Yi Sunshin began his military service with his assignment to the very cold and remote region of Samsoo in the Hamgyeong Province. For 3 years, Yi was to maintain a small fort by the northern border and protect the civilians from the constant threat of the the Jurchen tribesmen. Although Korea was at peace, and the expectations were generally relaxed within the military, Yi fulfilled his duties with due diligence. At the end of his term, Yi was recommended by the provincial inspector and promoted as a magistrate of the military training center at the capital city. Yi's various responsibilities included administrating military exams, training the troops, and overseeing employment and promotion. As Yi was strictly fair and uncompromising, he flatly rejected a request from a superior named Seo Ik for an unwarranted promotion of another colleague. Yi's incorruptibility was further demonstrated when the defense secretary Kim Gwee-yeong offered Yi a marriage with a woman of his family, only to be courteously denied with the excuse of avoiding unfair political advantage. Later in October, Yi was made an assistant to the army commander of the Chungcheong Province, and, in June 1580, Yi was transferred to the Jeolla Province, where he handled naval affairs for the first time. It is important to note that the "transfer" from the army to the navy was a pattern that was familiar to the Koreans, since their army and navy were not treated as separate branches of the military.

The first of Yi Sunshin's trials with the bureaucracy began with some malicious rumors that prompted his summoning by the provincial governor, Son Sik, during an inspection tour. Son asked about various military strategies that might reveal Yi's incompetence, but as Yi was able to show his understanding on the subject Son resolved the issue without inflicting any harm toward Yi. More difficult situations followed involving the two men who, one after the other, occupied the position of the Jeolla Left Naval Commander. The first admiral was Saung Bak, who ordered Yi to cut down a large Odongnamoo tree in Yi's official residence to make himself a Gaumoon-go, a stringed musical instrument. To his ire, Saung's order was not followed on the ground that it would be wrong to take a national property for individual use. By the time when the issue had subsided, Saung was replaced by Yi Yong, who was also hostile to Yi Sunshin, possibly due to Saung's influence. Yong soon proceeded on an inspection tour to the 5 navy posts under his command. Although the admiral witnessed a considerable amount of shifts that were absent in Yeodo, Sado, Nokdo, and Bangdap, he only reported Yi Sunshin for just 3 such cases that he had found in Balpo. Yi Yong hastily withdrew the charge, however, when Yi Sunshin began his own investigation of the 4 other posts. Later, Yi Yong attempted to discredit Yi Sunshin again in an official evaluation, but the provincial inspector general intervened and nullified the report. Nevertheless, Yi's stubborn refusal to play the political game inevitably had terrible repercussions. In February 1582, Yi Sunshin was expelled from his post after he was falsely denigrated in a weapons inspection by Seo Ik, who still held grudge against Yi since their past dispute.

After four months of dismissal, in May 1582, Yi Sunshin was allowed to return to his former post at the training barracks in Seoul. A chance to further mend his degraded situation came in December of that year when he was visited by his old time friend, Yu Seongnyeong. Yi learned from Yu that he would be able to make acquaintance with Yi Yulgok, who was a very prominent scholar official of the time. Even with Yu's urging to accept, Yi Sunshin refused on the same ground as he had previously with Kim Gwee-yeong's.

In summer of the following year, Yi Yong was promoted as the General of the Hamgyeong Province, whereupon he requested Yi Sunshin to be transferred to his command. It was a friendly request as Yi Sunshin and Yi Yong were reconciled since their confrontation 2 years before. Yi was instated in October 1583 to the position of a border outpost commander that he had previously held at the start of his career. His new outpost was located 10 miles south of Gyeong-won, in the northernmost part of the Korean peninsula, where the Jurchens posed a major threat. On November 14, Yi staged a successful ambush on the Jurchen raiders and captured their leader. Although the Joseon court initially considered to reward Yi quite generously for this feat, one of his superiors denied this prospect by complaining that the attack was carried out without any prior consultation. Instead, Yi was given a small promotion to the office of overseer at the local training barrack, but he withdrew from service in January 1584 when he received news of his father's death, and spent the next 3 years in ceremonial mourning.

Due to the persistence of Jurchen attacks at the borders, the Joseon court repeatedly inquired when Yi would cease his mourning for his deceased father. In January 1586, Yi Sunshin, who had already aged over 40 years, was appointed the chief custodian of transportation at the royal palaces but was soon re-assigned to an outpost in Gyeungheung (present-day Undok) in Hamgyeong Province upon recommendation by Yu Seongnyeong. In August 1587, Yi was sent to a fort across the Tumen River, on the island of Noktundo, where he was to carry out inspection of the garrison farms. Upon arrival, Yi Sunshin reported that the island was not adequately defended and requested assistance from General Yi Il, but he was unable to obtain help. Noktundo was soon invaded by a group of Jurchens while Yi Sunshin and deputy officer Yi Gyeong-rok were away with the troops harvesting in the fields. The 11 that remained to guard the fort were killed along with one of the Jurchen chiefs. The raiding party then proceeded to take 160 civilians and 15 horses with them, but at least 50 abductees were rescued in the subsequent pursuit by Yi Sunshin and Yi Gyeong-rok, with 3 more Jurchens being killed. Afraid of being held responsible for the incident, Yi Il sent a false report to the Joseon court, which resulted in Yi's demotion to the rank of a private, although he would have been executed had not his past achievements been taken into consideration. In January 1588, General Yi Il led a retaliatory campaign with 400 troops into the present-day area of Linjiang in northeast China, where the raiding parties originated. The campaign reaped a tremendous success, leaving 380 enemy combatants dead and 200 houses burnt, as well as confiscating 30 horses and 20 cows. Yi Sunshin took part in the action as a common soldier and was able to redeem himself by luring and killing one of the Jurchen leaders. Yi was officially restored after the campaign, and in June he returned to his home in Asan.

In February 1589, Yi Sunshin Yi Sunshin was

1589년(선조 22년) 2월, 함경도 감사였던 이광은 전라도 관찰사가 되면서 이순신을 자신의 군관(軍官) 겸 조방장으로 임명하였다.

이순신은 발포만호에서 파직된 지 7년 만에 다시 벼슬에 오른 것이었으며 그 해 11월에는 선전관(宣傳官 : 전령, 출납 등을 맡고 있는 장교)을 겸하였고 다시 12월에 전라도 정읍현감(井邑縣監. 종6품)으로 발령되어 부임하였다. 그는 정읍현감에 부임하자마자 태인현(泰仁縣)의 현감까지 겸임하게 됐다. 이순신은 현감으로 봉직하게 되면서부터요절한 형 희신·요신의 자식들과 모친을 부양했다. 당시는 지방 관리들이 식솔들을 많이 거느리고 있는 것을 남솔(濫率)이라 하여 파면이나 강등의 이유가 되기도 했다. 하지만 이순신은 조카들을 자신의 자식들만큼이나 아끼고 사랑했으며 그들을 버리지 않고 끝까지 거두었다.

그 때 이순신이 정읍현감으로 부임하기 이전에 서로 서신을 주고받으며 지내던 전라도 도사(都事) 조대중(曹大中)이 정여립의 모반사건에 연루되는 사건이 벌어졌다. 의금부는 조대중의 집을 수색하였으며 그 과정에서 이순신이 보냈던 편지도 함께 압수당했다. 이순신은 차사원(差使員 : 중요한 일이 있을 때 임시로 보내던 직원)으로서 서울로 올라가는 도중 금부도사와 마주쳤다.

금부도사는 평소 이순신과 친분이 있었고 행여 그가 이 사건과 관련하여 불이익을 받지 않을까 염려했다. 때문에 그 편지만을 따로 뽑아 처리하려 했지만 이순신은 역시 이 마저도 거절했다.

Legacy

A survey conducted by Sooncheonhyang University in 2005 indicated that Koreans in general regard Yi Sunshin to be the greatest figure in Korean history.